Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The objective of this research is to analyze how informal financial strategies affect the sustainability of the enterprises of single mothers in Guayaquil. A methodology with a documentary bibliographic design based on the collection of information from various sources was used, likewise, hemerobibliographic literature was used that allowed to complement and evaluate the reality of the object of study. As results, it is mentioned that the exclusion and economic and gender inequality existing in Ecuador and especially in Guayaquil in reference to single mother entrepreneurs allowed to show that, by not having sufficient help through formal financial entities, they resort to the chulco (informal loans) causing the decrease of social peace due to the consequences generated by the use of this type of credit, in addition to the decline of their enterprises by sometimes not having the ability to fully cover their debts and in the times arranged by these informal lenders, causing the loss of money and goods to be able to cover the acquired debts.

Globalization has produced transversal impacts on the increasingly empty but mediatic spectacular notions with which Ecuadorian democracy tries to represent itself. Politics, perceived as infinitely corrupt, and its financial failure have opened the doors to narco-politics in the definition of the State. Consequently, organized crime expresses itself with an abundant forcefulness of reality through crimes against life and against personal integrity, and the display of money laundry, before the perplexed eyes of the citizenry. This generates an effect of reality that opposes the emptiness of the discourses of the political and judicial classes that represent Democracy. The article is an essay that bases its dissertation on a bibliographical, empirical and criminological documentary review on this phenomenon in order to establish what will be called the breakdown of the illusory generality in Ecuador, suggesting the appearance of a new historical period marked by the crime

The objective of this research is to determine the constitutionality of the succession in case of post mortem birth conception in the Ecuadorian legal system, and to establish, from this, the applicable types of succession. The chosen research method is exegetical, focused on syllogism, some national and comparative doctrinal analysis, and theoretical-documentary analysis. We concluded that, in this framework, the rights of succession and the constitutional guarantees are not limited or violated in the case of birth conception by post-mortem assisted reproduction, since the regulatory gap grants the principle of permissum videtur id omne quod non prohibitur. However, this reflection leads to a debate on legal resources and another within International Criminal Law. The first implies problems of deadlines in the opening of the succession and that the assisted reproduction techniques admitted in Ecuador are only relevant to fertility treatment in married women and always by mutual consent of the marriage. The second responds to the still open debate on the use of the sperm of the deceased person as an instrument of positive eugenics, or for criminal and proto-criminal purposes, which will require further reflection.

The objective of this study is to analyze the cognitive behavioral management used by the teacher for coexistence and prevention of school violence in the Liceo Bolivariano Dr. José María Domínguez Escovar, Barquisimeto, Iribarren municipality, Lara state. It is an investigation under the positivist paradigm, a quantitative approach and a descriptive field investigation. The design is not experimental cross-sectional, the population was made up of twenty-five (25) teachers from said institution, to whom a questionnaire-type instrument structured in twenty-five (25) closed items with response alternatives was applied, always, sometimes and never. It was validated by the Expert Judgment technique and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's Alpha internal consistency method, obtaining a result of 0.90. The analysis of the data made it possible to show that a majority of teachers do not carry out an operational cognitive behavioral management, failing to strengthen school coexistence, which limits the comprehensive training of students, so it is recommended to reflect to apply cognitive behavioral techniques. for the benefit of the comprehensive education of students.

We made an exploratory research about the constitutional obligation to vote in Ecuador and the vulnerating issues it produces in the legal principle of equality, through the notion of "provision of rights". The research entails a reflection on the nature of participation and the type of democracy that is reflected in the constitutional text. It is concluded that the obligation of voting in Ecuador, as presented in the Constitution, implies risks to the republican principles that the same text protects.

Este número de la revista Encuentros, que denominamos Criminología, Ciencia Penal y Prevención, precisamente, convocó a las mentes del entorno hispanoamericano para responder a esta problemática. 

Obstetric violence is a philosophical problem, as it symbolizes the dehumanized treatment of women and the exercise of power over the female body, negatively affecting their rights. This is a concept born from the legal field, but it soon took on ethical, philosophical and interdisciplinary dimensions that deserve constant exploration, given that, in its background, it is related to structural problems of society, such as gender violence or institutional violence. , product of the growth of the patriarchal, androcentric and macho culture. By virtue of the above, the article analyzes obstetric violence as violence against women, as part of the mechanisms used by biopower, where the obstetrician, health personnel and the hospital become control devices that, in turn, Somehow, they model the behavior of women towards what is normatively expected by society. For this reason, obstetric violence is formed as an ideological construct, which is integrated into social hegemony, which objectifies, coerces and represses women, denying their rationality and dignity.

We are trying to contribute to the construction and legal interpretation of the notion of hater attack (ataque hater, in Spanish) as a criminal offense within the inter-American legal framework, in comparative law and in light of the gender approach. We start describing the conceptual antecedents in International Criminal law, in Criminology (on labeling/social reaction), and some compared law (about similar typifications and about its possible consequences on freedom of expression). It is concluded a) About the illegality of the hater attack when it seeks to damage the sexual, psychological, physical integrity, as well as the honor and dignity of the person, b) The instrumental precariousness of the conventions and international treaties laws according to the global virtual context. We propose to project the interpretation of the social phenomenon of haters through the legislation through this precise criminal type, in order to prevent crime inside and outside cyberspace.

The objectives of the study were to analyze the association between the individual and group way of relating to beliefs about alcohol consumption, perceptions about protective and risk factors for sexual health, and sexual behaviors; and to evaluate the differences according to sex, age, ethnicityand area in the sociometric indicators and in sexual behaviors. 984 students from universities in Ecuador participated, Mage=20.2, ±2.05, 53.7% women.It was found that the perceptual realism of rejections and total perceptual realism (individual indices) were associated with a greater consideration of alcohol as a facilitator of social interactions and expressiveness. These indices were related to more objective perceptions regarding their effects on sexualbehaviors. Indices of positive affective connection, perceptual adjustment of choices and total perceptual realism, and group cohesion were associatedwith clearer perceptions about protective factors of sexual health. Regarding sexual behaviors, a greater perceptual realism was associated with an olderage at the beginning of sexual relations; In addition, the more group disunity, position of influence and power as a leader, the lower the number of sexualpartners. Of the sociodemographic variables analyzed, gender was the one that produced the most significant differences on the variables studied.

El principal objetivo del texto, es conocer, estudiar y analizar, la forma en cómo las relaciones de élite y clase alta han configurado y fortalecido las posiciones privilegiadas basadas en el ámbito educativo.