Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Aquest número monogràfic investiga com els comerciants van contribuir a la construcció d’un nou ordre en temps de guerra, conflicte polític i disrupció de les pràctiques comercials durant l’Era de les Revolucions, dos segles enrere. Aquest aplec d’articles forma part d’una lectura policèntrica de transformacions històriques que –sense negar la primacia de la política i del poder militar– subratlla les negociacions complexes que hi va haver a la base de l’establiment de noves relacions de força. Analitza així les profundes conseqüències globals de la caiguda de l’Imperi Espanyol a Amèrica, particularment pel que fa al declivi del mercantilisme i a la reconfiguració del comerç atlàntic i inter-pacífic. Un element crucial d’aquesta transformació en va ser l’economia de guerra, que va tenir implicacions no tan sols a l’Amèrica espanyola, sinó també en el conjunt del món hispànic i més enllà. Homes de negocis i comerciants globals, tant estrangers com hispànics, estratègicament situats en un espai imperial en fragmentació, les xarxes i negocis dels quals unien Europa, Àsia i les Amèriques, van actuar en el buit creat per la crisi de la monarquia espanyola, en el que va ser un moment fluid i fundacional. Mitjançant l’anàlisi de les xarxes de negocis i personals que van construir, redefinir i renegociar el rol de l’Amèrica hispànica en l’economia global, els treballs d’aquest número investiguen com les Guerres napoleòniques i les Guerres d’Independència contra Espanya van accelerar l’emergència de nous actors, pràctiques, regles del joc i circuits mercantils. Aquesta prosopografia de comerciants trans-regionals i globals, per tant, mostra trajectòries a través de les quals, malgrat la dificultat, aquests comerciants apareixen com una força maièutica en el naixement del món modern.

Presentación del número 116

For years, the Spanish educational system has experienced great advances in the inclusion of students with different abilities, in parallel with the advancement of studies related to the prenatal stage of the human being. Paradoxically, we are witnessing a progress in science that allows the detection of anomalies that occur in the early stages of development and the development of laws that allow the death of the baby in that period. In this work, we carry out a review of the literature to establish the necessary protection of the person in their first stage of development and in the educational system in case of presenting any deficit in their development. For this, we rely on personalistic bioethics, which defends the life and dignity of the person from conception. Our purpose is to justify the inclusion of the prenatal period in the inclusive education of future students with specific needs for educational support, specifically in the case of the child with Down syndrome, who receives an unfavorable diagnosis at a medical level but is practically all considered a future student with disabilities.

It is an exploratory work on the recent public case of a new money-raising scheme through the Ponzi scheme in Ecuador, in which his public figure "Don Naza" oscillated between a businessman and a benefactor, such a populist “chulquero”. This work gives an account of the relationship that exists between these forms of non-institutional raising of money, the unresolved needs of the population and institutional distrust, making a recount from the social and political theories of the institutions, as well as from a heterogeneous perspective. which includes criminological theories on the subject.

The objective of this research was to analyze the characteristics, importance and real scope, from a juridical-legal perspective, of the right to resistance in Ecuador. For its achievement, a methodology of historical, qualitative and non-interactive analysis was developed, based on a theoretical and empirical inquiry process of examination of doctrines and legal norms. Among its main findings was to verify the non-existence of transparent procedures for the exercise of the right to resistance that, even when it is founded as a recognized form of struggle to confront the oppression of the actions of the powers of the State and natural and legal persons of Ecuador, these can be violated, due to the lack of norms to prosecute a constitutional procedure. It is recommended to direct a proposal for a draft Law Reform to the Organic Law of Jurisdictional Guarantees and Constitutional Control, to reformulate Article 6 and establish the procedure for the exercise of the right of resistance, determining active legitimacy, content of demand, causes of origin or inadmissibility, call for hearing, opening of evidence, hearing for arguments, debate on evidence and term to pass judgment, in order to proceed to pass judgment in favor of the plaintiff.

Nuevo arte de auxiliar la memoria de Pedro Mata

Diseases are the main sanitary problem for cultivation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crop. Among fungal diseases, leaf spot by Cercospora arachidicola Hori y Cercosporidium personatum (Berck. & Curt Deighton) is the most import - ant worldwide, and that which causes the highest production losses in our area. Management of this disease is carried out through chemical control. Thus, it be - comes relevant to assess the effectiveness of new fungicides registered for use in this crop. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of new fungicides on the incidence and severity of leaf spot and on peanut yield, under field conditions. The study was carried out during the 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons in two peanut growing areas, General Cabrera and Vicuña Mackenna, located in the province of Córdoba, Argentina. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used and the treatments were: T1) Pyraclostrobin (13,3%) + epoxiconazole (5%) (750 cc/ha); T2) Trifloxystrobin (18,75%) + prothioconazole (17,5%) (700 cc/ha); T3) Azoxystrobin (20%) + difenoconazole (12,5%) (500 cc/ha); T4) Difenoconazole (25%) (400 cc/ha); T5) Clorotalonil (72%) (1400 cc/ha); T6) Fluxapyroxad (5%) + epoxyconazole (5%) + pyraclostrobin (8,1%) (1200 cc/ha); T7) Penthiopyrad (10 %) + picoxystrobin (10%) (800 cc/ha); T8) Benzovindiflupyr (15%) + azoxystrobin (30%) (200 grs/ha) and T9) Control. The measurement of leaf spot was carried out every 15 days since the first application, considering incidence (% of affected leaflets), and total severity (% of lost leaf area). Production was evaluated in 2 m2 from each plot. Pod yield (kg/ha), grain yield (kg/ha) and confectionary grains yield (kg/ha) were determined. The comparison between treatments was done through a mixed linear model and DGC test for comparison of means (p<0,05). In both seasons and growing areas, it was observed that the new fungicides based on carboxamides and clorotalonil achieved a higher control of leaf spot and caused higher peanut yields, as compared to the mixtures of strobilurins + triazoles that have been being used during the last decade. Consequently, carboxamides and clorotalonil have potential for a proper management of the disease.

V egetative and reproductive traits of Festuca arundinacea Schreber populations naturalized in the central subhumid-semiarid region of Argentina were studied through the univariate analysis of variance, simple correlation and multivariate analysis of main components. Populations differ significantly in most considered traits. Populations identified as 3306-CRE and 3243-645 showed a very good behavior in reproductive traits; the former also showed good behavior in vegetative traits. The traits measured at the end of the cycle: number of tillers, number of panicles, dry weight of the whole plant and harvest index, were the ones that contributed most to differentiating the populations in the multivariate analysis.

Peanut smut is an endemic disease in the center-south of the province of Córdoba that has caused significant losses in productive lots. The intensity of the disease is markedly related to the number of teliospores present in the soil at the time of sowing. The objective of this work was to determine the most ad equate number of samples for the quantification of the density of inoculum of Thecaphora frezii in soil, by means of analytical method and graphical methodproposed by Kranz and the analysis of the dispersion of the pathogen. An assay was carried out in a production batch with high density of carbon inoculum. W was sampled at five sites and a total of 200 samples were obtained. The inoculum density was estimated by direct counting of the teliospores observed in an optical microscope at 40x. It was concluded that the use of the lowest variation coefficient values in the analytical method significantly increases the number of samples. Using the graphical method, the optimum sample size is lower than that obtained by the analytical method. Finally, the amount of inoculum of the smut peanut present in a lot near a processing plant is inversely proportional to the distance of the same to that source.

Campero chicken is a type of slow-growing bird, with a good develop-ment of breast muscles, which according to the certification protocol must be slaughtered between 75 and 90 days of age. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of age at slaughter (70, 77, 84 and 91 days) on carcass yield, the propor-tion of valuable cuts (breast with bone and drumstick and thigh), the proportion of abdominal fat and the quality of breast meat (dry matter content, water retention capacity, cooking loss and tenderness) in male chickens of the three-way exper-imental cross Campero Casilda. Simulating the criterion that would be used by a family producer, the choice of the birds to be sacrificed (n = 12 per age group) was carried out through directed sampling, choosing, at each age, the heaviest birds of the population in the previous week. Slaughter age affected live body weight at sacrifice, eviscerated body weight; breast and abdominal fat proportions and carcass yield. Neither drumstick and thigh proportion nor the indicators of breast meat quality were affected. Statistically significant effects were observed only on dry matter content, which was somewhat higher than values reported for com-mercial broilers. Modification of slaughter age allows the producer to dispose of birds of different body weight with minor impact on carcass yield and without affecting breast meat quality.