Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The article offers a comparative approach to Lope de Vega´s mock epic TheGatomachy and the adaptation to the dramatic genre of this masterpiece by Pedro Villora and Jose Padillafor the homonymous theatrical representation of the company La Ensemble, directed by Goyo Pastor,in the Circle of Fine Arts of Madrid in 2009.The mock epic poetry emerges withBatrachomyomachia,a Greek classical poem, attributed falsely to Homer, with strong links to the Aesopic fable.The concept of zoomachia, battle between anthropomorphic animals, introduces an allegory in verse that imitates the epic poetry in a burlesque and critical way. The most famous example of this genre in Spanish literature is Lope de Vega’s TheGatomachy(1634). In this non dramatic poetic work the protagonists are anthropomorphic cats,while in the comedy by Víllora and Padilla appear humans behind feline masks engaged in a battle to the death for love in the magic stage of the Spanish Golden Age. Since the beginningsof the Greek theatre,masks constitute a fundamental visual elementfor being full of symbolisms as they represent the main characteristics of the dramatic characters. Additionally, zoomorphic masks are symbolic references to masked humans disguised as animals in the Dionysian rituals. The Hellenic tradition in Spanish literature through an historic and artistic process confirms in The Gatomachy by Víllora and Padilla the convergence of two genres of the Ancient Greek world: the mock epic poetry and the theatre. The article examines textual and scenic aspects to focus on the transformation of the non dramatic mock epic poetry of the most prestigious representative of the Spanish Golden Age Theater to a modern day play. On the modern theatrical stages cat masks mark the return to the Greek origins of the dramatic art.

Antecedentes. El pastoreo de praderas cultivadas en sistemas de producción de leche en pequeña escala en los valles altos del centro de México reduce costos de alimentación. La festuca alta (Lolium arundinaceum) es una gramínea de clima templado resistente al déficit hídrico, temperaturas extremas y alta carga animal, lo que la hace atractiva para estos sistemas. Sin embargo, muchas variedades son susceptibles a la infección con endófitos que pueden causar toxicosis en los bovinos, lo que no ha sido estudiado en México. Objetivo. Evaluar el pastoreo de praderas de festuca alta variedad K31 susceptible a endófitos, comparada con praderas de ballico inglés (Lolium perenne) variedad Bargala, ambas asociadas con trébol blanco (Trifolium repens cv. Ladino). Metodología. Se llevó a cabo un experimento en finca con un productor participante, con seis vacas Holstein con similar número de partos, etapa de lactación y rendimientos de leche (kg/día). Los tratamientos fueron BGL: pastoreo por 8 h/día en pradera de ballico perenne cv. Bargala, y K31: pastoreo por 8 h/día en pradera de festuca alta cv. K31. Las vacas fueron suplementadas con 4.6 kg MS de concentrado comercial (18% proteína cruda) y 5 kg en base fresca de forraje de maíz verde picado. Se utilizó un diseño doble reversible con tres periodos experimentales de 14 días c/u. Resultados. No existieron diferencias significativas (P>0.05) entre tratamientos para composición química de las praderas o alimentos complementarios, ni entre las variables de producción animal. Implicaciones. La comparación de praderas de festuca alta vs. ryegrass como una pradera de clima templado alternativa para reducir los costos  de producción en sistemas de producción de leche en pequeña escala. Conclusiones. Ambas gramíneas tuvieron un desempeño similar en estos sistemas.

Antecedentes. El mercado y consumo a nivel mundial de la fruta del granado (Punica granatum L.) ha crecido considerablemente, debido a sus propiedades nutraceúticas, con alto contenido de antioxidantes generando efectos favorables para la salud humana. En Colombia se reportan algunos cultivos semicomerciales en los departamentos de Boyacá, Huila y Valle del Cauca. Sin embargo, se desconoce sobre su comportamiento productivo, prácticas de manejo, fisiología, desarrollo de los estados fenológicos y características pomológicas de frutos de genotipos nativos. Objetivo. Realizar una revisión sobre los aspectos relacionados con el cultivo de granado, analizar posibles limitaciones para su producción en Colombia y presentar información sobre las características pomológicas de plantas de granado cultivadas en huertos caseros en dos regiones de Colombia. Metodología. Se recopiló información a partir de fuentes documentales relacionadas con recomendaciones aplicables al cultivo de granado en Colombia. Se realizó una caracterización pomológica de frutos de genotipos nativos provenientes de dos zonas agroecológicas diferentes del territorio nacional. Resultados. Los genotipos nativos presentan características pomológicas similares entre sí, pero difieren considerablemente de los genotipos comerciales, siendo estos últimos superiores de acuerdo con las exigencias de mercado para exportación. Implicaciones. El bajo conocimiento técnico por parte de los agricultores permite que haya deficiencias en el manejo de limitantes de este cultivo. Conclusiones. Las recomendaciones consignadas, complementadas con la caracterización pomológica genera conocimiento que puede ser implementado por los productores en Colombia. Se requiere de más trabajos de investigación si se desea proyectar el cultivo como una alternativa económica promisoria para la región. 

Background: Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is the fifth most important crop in the world and has a fundamental role in food security in most tropical countries. However, studies are still needed to improve its management and production. Objective: the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of planting density on the pattern of allocation of aboveground and belowground biomass, and asexual seeds production of the cassava crop (Cultivar Armenia) in Cucururital, Átures municipality, Amazonas state, Venezuela. Methodology: A total of 25 10 × 10 plots (100 m2) were established under a randomized block design with five replicates and five treatments to compare different parameters of growth and production of the cassava crop under different conditions of planting density: 1.20 × 0.60 m (T1), 1.20 × 0.80 m (T2), 1.20 × 1 m (T3), 1.20 × 1.20 m (T4), and 1.20 × 1.40 m (T5). Results: The results of this research show that there are no significant differences in relation to the different growth and production parameters between the planting density treatments. Despite the variations in planting densities evaluated in this study (5952 to 13888 plants ha-1), the yield of commercial roots (400 to 500 kg plant-1) as the main parameter of agronomic importance, was relatively high compared to different tropical and national studies. Implications: These results allow us to infer that this cassava crop (Armenia) has a high adaptation, phenotypic plasticity and production potential under different growth conditions, which may be advantageous from an agro-ecological, economic and social point of view, to contribute with food security and sustainable livelihoods. Conclusion: With this applied research it was possible to demonstrate the production potential of roots and asexual seeds of the cassava crop (cultivar Armenia) despite the variation in planting density in previously degraded agricultural areas, where no statistical differences were observed between treatments.

Background. The agroforestry systems of organic coffee from the community of Chocamán, Central Veracruz, Mexico, have been established for 29 years; they are small areas with complex terrain topography and scarce information on biophysical aspects, composition and tree structure. Objective. to characterize these systems to have local information, useful for decision making. Methodology. The biophysical environment characterization, classification of coffee plantations and description of agroforestry systems composition and structure was performed. Results. Five terrain forms were defined as: slightly undulating valley, moderately sloping slope, sloping slope, moderately steep slope and steep slope. The main climate is semi-warm from the temperate group with long fresh summer. Coffee plots were classified as traditional and commercial polycultures. Two vertical strata (upper and lower) were distinguished, with a richness of 51 tree and shrub species. Musa acuminata Colla was the species with the highest “importance” value of the lower stratum in all the plots evaluated. In the upper stratum, stood out the species Lippia myriocephala Schltdl. & Cham., Inga vera Willd., Inga spuria H & B. Ex Willd., and Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Wight et Arn. Implications. This study contributes to decision-making by producers of the Catuaí Amarillo S.S.S.Conclusion. Variables obtained can facilitate the selection of species that respond to specific characteristics of the site and the needs of the producer.

Background. During lactation the mammary fat synthesis is increased compared to adipose tissue. Objective. This study evaluated the promoter specific gene expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACACA) transcripts from promoters II and III, fatty acid synthase (FASN), sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) in mammary gland and adipose tissue and, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), fatty acid transporters acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 1 (ACSL1), solute carrier family 27 member 6 (SLC27A6), fatty acid binding proteins 3 and 4 (FABP3 and FABP4), CD36 molecule (CD36) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the mammary gland. Methodology. Eight Lacaune lactating ewes at 15, 70, and 120 days in milk (DIM) were used. Results. There was no effect of tissue, lactation stage, or tissue by lactation stage interaction for PIII ACACA transcripts. Mammary PII transcripts changed according to stage of lactation with higher expression at 15 than 120 DIM. In adipose tissue at 120 DIM, expression of PII ACACA transcripts were higher than 15 and 70 DIM. Expression of FASN in adipose tissue was higher at 70 and 120 DIM when compared to mammary tissue at 120 DIM. The SREBF1 expression at 70 was higher than 15 DIM in mammary tissue and higher than 70 DIM in adipose tissue. In the mammary gland, the gene expression of LPL, CD36 and FABP3 was decreased from 15 to 120 DIM. Implications. Collectively, our results highlight the fact that in early lactation (15 to 70 DIM) milk fat synthesis is prioritized over adipose tissue in dairy sheep. Conclusion. This prioritization is managed through an orchestrated increase in mammary gene expression of ACACA transcripts, FASN, SREBF1, LPL, CD36, and FABP3.

Background: Tigridia pavonia (L.f.) DC is a wild species with great ornamental value, of which nine plant varieties are known. Within the evolutionary process of this species, Penélope has been considered a natural hybrid, product of the cross between the varieties Trinidad and Dulce. Objective: In the present study, the cytogenetic relationships among Trinidad, Dulce and Penélope were analyzed. Methodology: The karyotype of the varieties Trinidad and Penélope was determined through classic cytogenetics and the physical mapping of the genes 5s and 45s rDNA through Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization. Results:  The results showed for the first time the karyotype and the physical mapping of the genes 5s and 45s rDNA in the varieties Trinidad and Penélope. Implications: The information generated can be the basis for future evolutionary analyzes, and / or breeding programs in the species. Conclusion: A higher cytogenetic similarity of Penélope with Trinidad and Dulce has been revealed, suggesting that the latter may be the parents.

La presencia de colorantes en los cuerpos de agua inhibe la penetración de la luz, afectando la flora y la fauna de estos ecosistemas, razón por la cual se hacen cada vez esfuerzos mayores para eliminarlos antes de ser vertidos. Este estudio permitió remover el colorante azul marino directo (AMD), empleando carbón activado preparado a partir de la borra de café y H3PO4. La metodología experimental inició con la preparación de tres tipos de carbón activado, variando la concentración de H3PO4 (20, 40 y 60% m/v). Las propiedades de textura se evaluaron mediante isotermas de adsorción-desorción con N2 a 77 K; la identificación y cuantificación de grupos funcionales orgánicos, en especial ácidos, con FTIR, y el método de Boehm, respectivamente. Se realizaron experimentos de adsorción por lote, variando la concentración inicial del colorante (5, 10, 50, 75, 100 y 200 mg/dm3) a 25 °C y se determinó la cinética de adsorción. Tanto la borra de café como los carbones activados tienen naturaleza ácida con desarrollo de áreas superficiales entre 519 y 771 m2/g. Con respecto al estudio por lote, se observó un crecimiento en monocapa y multicapa sobre una superficie heterogénea. El carbón activado preparado con 20% de H3PO4 registró la mayor capacidad de remoción, con un valor de 25.8 mg/g. El modelo cinético de pseudo segundo orden fue el que mejor se ajustó a los datos experimentales (R2 > 0.98). Se puede concluir que la borra de café tratada con H3PO4 es un adsorbente eficiente para eliminar AMD de soluciones acuosas.

En México es necesaria la explotación y el control de los recursos hídricos, ya sea para cubrir las diversas carestías o para protegerse del daño causado por eventos extremos. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo modelar y calibrar los hidrogramas de una cuenca, calculados con datos de lluvia y medidos con imágenes de satélite GPM-IMERG en la cuenca del río Huaynamota, México, así como comparar los resultados con un modelo hidrológico alimentado con datos de lluvia de estaciones meteorológicas automáticas. Esta investigación se realizó en un tributario de la cuenca del río Huaynamota, el cual es parte de la región hidrológica Lerma-Chapala-Santiago. La cuenca se ubica en los estados de Zacatecas, Durango, Jalisco y Nayarit. Para el análisis de los hidrogramas a la salida de la cuenca se evaluaron eventos de lluvia máximos ocurridos en los periodos del 21 al 26 de julio de 2016, del 14 al 24 de agosto de 2017, y del 1° al 16 de septiembre de 2017. El modelo se desarrolló en HEC-HMS, con base en métodos como el número de curva de escurrimiento y el hidrograma unitario de Clark. La comparación de los hidrogramas medidos y aparentados mostró un buen ajuste de lo simulado con la realidad. En la mayoría de los eventos modelados, el coeficiente de Nash-Sutcliffe fue mayor a 0.5, que se considera aceptable. Se concluyó que la modelación hidrológica a partir de imágenes de satélites meteorológicos es una buena opción para su implementación en regiones donde se carece de datos de lluvia horaria medida con instrumentos en tierra.

Deficit irrigation is an optimum technique for producing products under drought stress conditions. The superabsorbent hydrogel is a hydrophilic polymer with cross-linked 3-D hydrophilic nets that can absorb and retain effective amounts of water and aquatic liquids. The objective of this study was to assess the superabsorbent polymer effect on water use efficiency (WUE) and grain yield of Vigna unguiculata L. under drought stress conditions. The experimental treatments included: Treatment I1S0, including 100% ETc demand as irrigation amount and with 0.0 g SAP (I1:100%; S0: without SAP); treatment I2S1, including 75% ETc demand as irrigation amount and with 7.0 g Super-AB-A300 polymer for plant (I2: 75%; S1: 7 g SAP); treatment I3S2, including 55% ETc demand as irrigation amount and with 14.0 g Super-AB-A300 polymer for plant (I3: 55%; S2: 14 g SAP). A drip irrigation system performed irrigation. According to the results, the soil treated with superabsorbent polymer, in mild deficit irrigation treatment (I2S1), made it possible to obtain the same grain yield as the complete irrigation treatment (I1S0) and there was no significant difference between them. Besides, IWUE was conversely depended on the entire water requirement all along the growing cycle, and for higher IWUE, the water would be decreased under the irrigation demand for the maximum grain yield. Thus, the mix of mild deficit irrigation and superabsorbent polymer (I2S1), that leads to increase the plant water productivity (AWP), was an acceptable policy to optimize cowpea grain yield and water utilization.