Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Enforceability is the moment in time that the Chilean Civil Code establishes for the beginning of the period of extinctive prescription in the law of obligations. However, the studies on the notion of enforceability are not sufficient, which justifies its analysis with the aim to define its elements and its problems on Chilean law. This analysis will clarify when to start counting the period of extinctive prescription as stated in article 2514 of the Civil Code.

The protection of fundamental rights suffers from a procedural duality sinceits physiognomy ranges from that corresponding to a precautionary measure–a temporary,suitable and proportional court order–and to a summary trial–a declaratory procedure thatleading to a judgment that has the force of res judicata–. This article delves into its constitu-tional regulation as well as in the ‘autos acordados’ (an order emanating from some superiortribunal, promulgated in the name and by the authority of the sovereign), dictated by theSupreme Court (in the years 1977, 1992, 1998, 2007 and 2015) in the Chilean academicliterature and in the recent jurisprudence of the Chilean Courts with a dual purpose: identifythe most significant procedural consequences entailed by this duality and value the internalcoherence of each of these approaches.

The new Chilean bankruptcy law, No. 20.720, incorporates the figure ofbankruptcy arbitration as a channel for resolving disputes that arise during the processing ofinsolvency proceedings, both liquidation and reorganization. It is a novel tool, both in Chileand for comparative law, whose regulation raises various questions that the law does not re-solve, what has resulted in the null application of the arbitral institute in this area. This workaddresses these problems and offers some answers.

This work exposes the criteria that the Colombian Council of State uses to ap-ply the conventionality control on its judgements. This research analyses the cases where the Council of State have applied the conventionality control as a mean to resolve disputes under its jurisdiction. To that end, special attention has been paid to the reasons given by this ju-dicial corporation, to justify its role as a conventionality judge, that in light of the American Convention on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

No presenta resumen

No presenta resumen

In order to expand knowledge about the structure and composition of demersal ichthyofauna on the Pacific of Central America, we analyzed samples collected from 98 sampling points on board the R/V Miguel Oliver from November 10 to December 16, 2010. Using a Lofoten net, trawl surveys were conducted for 30 minutes at each sampling point at different stratums and depths (1600 m maximum). The total sample (17507 specimens) was represented by cartilaginous fish and bony fish divided into 77 families and 158 species. Dicrolene filamentosa (12.27%) showed the highest abundance; Peprilus medius (35.67%) and Peprilus snyderi (12.49%) reported the most representative biomass along with Rhinoptera steindachneri (9.45%); in addition, Peristedion barbiger and Stomias atriventer were the most frequent species (both 2.71%). The coast between Costa Rica and Panama showed the highest diversity (H':3), while evenness showed uniform values along the studied area. In order to determine fish assemblages in response to depth, a spatial ordering was used showing a 3-set grouping (PERMANOVA, R = 0.54, P> 0.05). Furthermore, a canonical correspondence analysis shows enough evidence that the species distribution was influenced by salinity and temperature. Findings are ecologically significant indicating that ichthyofauna responds to particular environmental conditions and events. In addition, the paper highlights the importance of assemblages to assess how fish populations change as a result of the characteristics exhibited by water bodies

La comunidad de peces en la Laguna del Ostión es objeto de pesca, sin embargo, los estudios ecológicos sobre esta son escasos. Se analizó la variación espacial y temporal de su estructura comunitaria, así como de los parámetros fisicoquímicos de salinidad, temperatura, oxígeno disuelto, profundidad y transparencia de la laguna. Los peces fueron recolectados bimensualmente de marzo de 2007 a enero de 2008, en ocho estaciones de muestreo con una red de arrastre camaronera. Se evaluaron diferencias significativas espacio-temporales de diversidad, riqueza, equitatividad, densidad, biomasa y peso promedio, mediante análisis de varianza. Se realizó análisis de correspondencias canónicas (ACC) para determinar las asociaciones de peces y su correlación con los factores ambientales del sistema. Se recolectaron 737 individuos con peso total de 19 081.90 g. Se identificaron 19 familias, 23 géneros y 34 especies, 12 de las cuales fueron nuevos registros para la laguna. Cuatro especies fueron dominantes en el sistema. Los parámetros comunitarios mostraron relación con los gradientes ambientales y las temporadas climáticas. La diversidad fue más alta en mayo (H´ = 2.36) y enero (H´ = 2.48) y la densidad en julio (0.018 ind./m2). El ACC mostró que la composición y distribución espacio-temporal de la comunidad de peces estuvo condicionada por la salinidad, la temperatura, el oxígeno disuelto y la profundidad. El conocimiento de la estructura comunitaria, las funciones biológicas de los peces y su interacción con los factores ambientales de esta laguna es relevante, ya que no se han desarrollado estudios continuos en este sistema.

There has been an increasing effort to understand the mechanisms of sexual reproduction in seagrasses, which is usually synchronized. Synchronization is caused by environmental cues, such as temperature and light availability, and most likely occurs to maximize pollination success. At higher latitudes where seagrass reproductive seasons are clearly marked, intraannual variability of environmental triggers is significant. Our aim was to identify the period and frequency of sexual reproduction for the manatee grass Syringodium filiforme in a tropical coral reef lagoon, where the above-mentioned environmental triggers are homogenous all year round. The reproductive state and frequency and shoot length of S. filiforme were measured non-destructively in a monospecific patch on the tropical Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. The meadow was surveyed at 1 to 4-month intervals between May 2010 and May 2012. Water turbidity, temperature, and salinity were measured in situ. During the surveyed period, sexual reproduction of S. filiforme was detected in February and May, while seagrass shoot length showed no variation. The moment of seagrass sexual reproduction was not fully explained by the environmental parameters studied. Regardless of the limited environmental variability compared to previous studies at higher latitudes, synchronization of seagrass sexual reproduction at this tropical location is interesting and requires further studies on mechanisms and its possible adaptive advantage.

Ocean depth measurement plays a fundamental role to plan and manage marine resources and safe boat navigation. Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB) is presented as a complementary technique to determine coastal water depth through remote sensing tools and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The goal of this study was to determine the applicability of the SDB method in shallow waters in the Punta Luna sector in Bahía Solano, northern Colombian Pacific coast, using Landsat 8 satellite images from January 2017 and in situ bathymetric survey data from November 2016. The main result obtained in this study was a depth estimate of up to ± 7 m with R2 = 0.80, as well as an RMSE and an MAE equivalent to 1.49 and 2.22 m, respectively. Depth estimates obtained using SDB meet 51.17% of the Total Vertical Uncertainty (TVU) for the Special Order category, regarding the Standards for Hydrographic Surveys from the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). Results obtained will serve as a reference to calculate depth using multispectral images and a benchmark for hydrographic officials and academics interested in coastal and marine research in the region.