Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Nowadays the knowledge society demands to have excellent professionals in the practice of values. This is why universities have an obligation to train upstanding students, capable to perform with responsibility and competition. The main objective of this work was to know the most important value in the life of a university student and its frequency in practice, where they forge it, also to identify how the university and its teachers promote values. Furthermore, in the study the instrument was a questionnaire applied to 193 first-cycle students in the Administration degree at División Académica de Ciencias Económico Administrativas of a public university in the state of Tabasco, a quantitative type investigation was used. Likewise, in the data obtained was shown that students know and possess values considered of high influence for their development and put into practice among classmates and teachers, also among the most important findings are the presence of fifteen values that are indicated as the most practiced in the university and its teachers to transmit an integral formation due to in this public educational institution they have professors with a correct performance and permanent ethics, examples inside and outside the institution maintaining mutual respect between teacher and student. However, a place of learning should always consider to enrich with talks towards university students about the importance of moral and ethical values to maintain a good edification of these and developing an intellectual, emotional and cultural growth to generate a positive impact to the society.

The computer science discipline presents different evidences about theoretical and empirical approaches. Thus, studies treated from evidence-based software engineering or ISBE, provide a logical and methodological approach. In this paper, the approach from the Software Engineering and, in particular, the treatment focused on the SWEBOK guide, shows how some of these areas are represented in the final graduation works defended by the students of the Bachelor of Information Systems in the 2016 and 2017 years , in Argentina . In the paper, the method based on the ISBE is exposed, and the materials under study were the final student productions. The results show the predominance of one of the knowledge areas of the SWEBOK guide. These findings could be explained by the curricular line assumed from the career, treated and deepened in this space of professional and personal training, the previous knowledge recovered from other subjects and the demands of the context. Therefore, results demonstrate the relevance of strengthen the networks with external organizations.

We are facing a digital age characterized by constant flows of goods and services, financial assets, people, information and communication. As a consequence, the world economy is increasingly connected, and digitalization has spread to such an extent that today’s world economy is a digital one, which has come to break down commercial barriers that the traditional economy and politics were unable to. Security and trade policy concerns are nothing new. However, given the electronic nature of commercial transactions (e-commerce), this has taken on a new and urgent importance. Cyberspace is a space of flows, a virtual space that grows every day with the transactions that take place through the use of ICT. Governments of many countries have begun to develop cybersecurity strategies, while trying to promote the benefits of a hyperconnected and cyber-enabled world. This article analyzes how e-commerce policies promote the protection of cyberspace. Specifically regarding e-commerce, care must be taken so that the cybersecurity strategy does not become an obstacle or constraint to such electronic transactions. The protection of cyberspace must be carried out with a multi-stakeholder approach. These issues are also of public interest since threats to cyberspace can affect entire countries and societies.

In the period of 2009-2014, organized crime subjected all kinds of political authorities and benefited from impunity throughout Mexico, especially in Michoacán and Guerrero. This circumstance provoked a grave constitutional crisis since these authorities were meaningfully overridden and were not able to properly enforce the rule of law in these regions. These phenomena brought about the rise of self-defense groups from local civil societies, as a desperate measure to protect their most fundamental rights from ruthless crime. However, this uprising deepened the constitutional crisis, already experienced in these regions due to the calamitous activities of criminal organisations, because it implied the complete absence of the Mexican state to restore legal order. The present article argues that a formal declaration of emergency by the Mexican President, with the official approval of the Mexican Congress, would have solved efficiently the constitutional crisis that Michoacán, Guerrero and other regions were going through in this period, and would have competently discouraged the expectations of the local people to relay on vigilantes as their last resort to guarantee their fundamental rights in the face of organized crime. This argument is based on archive research, testimonies of people uploaded in video documentaries, the Mexican Constitution, the International Human Rights Law, the doctrine of constitutional dictatorship of Clinton Rossiter, and the legal doctrine on balance and deliberation of Robert Alexy.

Las expresiones que critican al jefe de estado, las instituciones gubernamentales o los funcionarios públicos con frecuencia son sancionadas con castigo penal por su uso de lenguaje despectivo e irrespetuoso, denominado en la ley "insultos". Este artículo analiza cuatro decisiones de revisión judicial de la Corte Suprema de México y la Corte Constitucional de Corea con respecto a las leyes de insulto desde la perspectiva tanto del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos como del derecho constitucional. Sostengo que castigar criminalmente las expresiones insultantes dirigidas contra funcionarios públicos, símbolos o entidades, viola el principio de libertad de expresión. Primero, la "dignidad de la nación" no es un interés legítimo que garantice la restricción de expresiones insultantes dirigidas a las banderas nacionales o la República. Segundo, Se debe exigir a los funcionarios públicos que toleren un mayor grado de insulto que los particulares. La protección de una función pública, o el honor de un funcionario público, no justifica el castigo penal de las expresiones insultantes. Tercero, el término "insulto" en sí mismo es demasiado vago, por lo tanto, su uso viola el principio de claridad de la legalidad. También restringe sustancialmente la libertad de expresión al prohibir una amplia gama de expresiones y actividades. Con base en este análisis, sostengo que el castigo penal por expresiones dirigidas contra banderas nacionales, funcionarios públicos y la nación, debería eliminarse de los códigos penales. Ni los tribunales ni las autoridades gubernamentales deberían castigar penalmente las expresiones insultantes dirigidas contra los funcionarios públicos. Eliminar las leyes de insulto no dañaría, sino que fortalecería,

This note critically examines the way the Mexican Constitution has changed since it was originally written, due to a large number of amend¬ments. Through 239 decrees of constitutional reforms, which represent 732 modifications to constitutional articles, the current constitutional text is not the same document that arose from the Mexican Revolution. This vertiginous chan¬ge is analyzed from the perspective of theoretical and practical notions of legis¬lative drafting in common law countries. A huge number of reforms demons¬trates a constitution’s volatility, and the way reforms are written has a direct impact on whether or not it is observed. In fact, a proper process of redaction in legislative drafting can provide ideas for improving the quality of legislation. Reforming the constitution, as has been done by Mexican constituent powers, can overload the fundamental text with specific rules, rather than principles. An excessive use of words, an arbitrary use of subdivisions and an excessive num¬ber of transitory norms are common elements of constitutional amendments. Some specific traits of those amendments are analyzed in order to propose ways to improve the efficacy of the constitution through a better legislative drafting process for reforms. All of this in order to reach a better level of comprehension of the normative purpose of amendments by their final recipients: citizens and institutions.

Anthropogenic climate change has and will have unavoidable adverse effects despite mitigation and adaptation policies. Therefore, the financial burden of the costs of loss and damage must be distributed fairly and proportionally. This implies that those responsible for climate change must take responsibility and compensate those who suffer losses and, if possible, repair the damages related to this phenomenon. However, climate justice has been limited by the lack of a causal link between a specific climate change effect and specific damages or losses. Accordingly, this article discusses the compensation and reparation of losses and damages related to the adverse effects of climate change, as a stream applicable after mitigation and adaptation policies. In addition, this article reviews the implications of the relevant findings that established the existence and development of climate change as a problem that affects the enjoyment of human rights, to argue how the theory of human rights can contribute to the current legal model for reparation and compensation for losses and damages associated with climate change. Also, due to the impossibility of obtaining a legally binding agreement as a structure for integration, and to adequately address the problem of causes, consequences, benefits and burdens, vulnerable groups ought to be the most affected.

The current international patent system emerged within certain economic, political and social conditions in specific territories and periods. It has its historical roots in the Statute of Venice (1474), the Statute of Monopolies (1624), the United States Patent Law (1790), the French Patent Law (1791) and the Paris Convention (1883). Over time, these laws shaped a new model, which currently prevails. To strengthen the analysis of this article, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (1994), as well as free trade twentieth century agreements are integrated into the discussion. It is worth noting that each amendment stressed the economic relevance of the patent and its use to benefit certain economic elites through the creation of monopolies. Consequently, the debate on the purposes and nature of the international patent system has also been constant from its emergence to the present. This article provides basic elements for reflection about the origin, purposes and scope of national patent models implemented in Latin America within the global trend of scientific-technological innovation for development.

When creating laws, legislators bear in mind the subjects whose activities are to be regulated. This mental picture will affect the regulation of both, the subjects and their activities. Different perceived characteristics can be regulated in various ways. While the laws that regulated commerce in Mexico before 1889 were based on the concept of an honest merchant, the Commercial Code enacted by then President Díaz had a different archetypal merchant. Since 1889, commercial laws in Mexico have been enacted based on the idea of an untrustworthy merchant, someone who needs to be regulated and controlled, which has created a regulatory system riddled with unnecessary costs. Through the study of cases decided shortly after the enactment of the 1889 Code, the change in the perception of merchants and commerce becomes apparent. These cases show the strict application of rules in lieu of commercial customs and practices, and the idea of protecting those who are not merchants in their dealings from those who are. However, these ideas should be eliminated from commercial laws. The laws that regulated commerce in Mexico before the 1889 Code offer an excellent starting point for the reform of commercial laws. Laws that assume that merchants are honest and capable of regulating their own affairs will advance commerce in Mexico, which would in turn allow the country to become an innovator (as opposed to a follower) in commercial matters.