Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

This paper analyzes, from the perspective of international law, the impact of the construction of a wall by the United States government on the border with Mexico. Based on studies of experts in ecology, the impact on the ecosystem of the introduction of an aggressive and intrusive element such as the construction of a wall in the border region is analyzed. The border is regulated by a large number of international legal norms, which, with the construct nion of a wall, the United States violates by irreversibly damaging the ecosystem of the region. Precisely, contemporary international environmental law limits the internal sovereignty of States, in relation to acts that may harm neighbours.

Citrus fruits have gotten nutritive and nutraceutical properties, being consumed directly and used in the preparation of medicines, food, among others. They are frequently found in backyards, but most of them do not receive proper management. The objective of this study was to know the pest and beneficial organisms associated with backyard citrus in Tierras Altas, Chiriquí. For this, nine backyard trees without agronomic management were randomly selected in Cerro Punta; while in Paso Ancho, 11 conventionally managed trees were chosen. The tree canopy was checked and the aected branches and foliage were pruned to easily locate the present organisms. The results indicated that, in Cerro Punta 88;9 %of the plantswere aected by sooty mold (Capnodium sp.), as consequence of the presence of pest insects of the Order Hemiptera, such as Paraleyrodes sp., Aphis spiraecola, Lepidosaphes beckii and Saissetia coeae, the latter being in mutualism with ants (Formicidae); 44;4 % had leaves and fruits damaged by mites; 11;1 %presented aectations in the foliage by powdery mildew; 22;2 %of the plants, corresponding to tangerine lemon (Citrus x limonia), had presence of parasitic plants (Struthanthus orbicularis), in addition to epiphytic plants attached to the trunk; while the beneficial organisms were represented by the families Araneidae and Salticidae (Arachnida), Labiidae (Dermaptera), Syrphidae (Diptera) and the species Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Apis mellifera and a bumblebee (Apidae). In Paso Ancho, only damage by mites was observed in Persian lemon foliage (Citrus x latifolia), being the main control method the use of agrochemicals, while no presence of beneficial insects was found. In conclusion, backyard citrus fruits have a greater predominance of pests without proper management, while the use of synthetic pesticides limits the possibility of establishing beneficial organisms.

The general objective of the studywas to evaluate the effects of topographic amplification of the soil due to the seismic response on the slopes of the Shancayán and Nueva Esperanza urbanizations of the city of Huaraz. The present investigation is of the quantitative and applied type, where the evaluation of the seismic response of the land in hillside areas that have unfavorable conditions for the foundation of the buildings has been carried out. The seismic response of the soil for an equivalent linear behavior applied to a geological-geotechnical model has been evaluated; performing a two-dimensional analysis, which models the stratigraphic profile of the terrain using the finite element method. The results of the seismic topographic amplification indicate that there are areas with a very high degree on slopes greater than 25° and areas with a high degree on slopes between 15° and 25°. The conclusion of the study indicates that the effects of seismic topographic amplification are considerable and increase at a greater slope of the terrain, and have a direct effect on the earthquake-resistant behavior of buildings.

                    The purpose of this studywas to describe some indicators that favor or hinder the scientific production                     of higher education teachers from two universities in Lima.With a descriptive design,                     it seeks to identify the main indicators that intervene in this problem. The participants were 33                     teachers, who have a specific relationship with researchers and / or teach methodology courses,                     a thesis seminar, etc. The instrument used was the questionnaire on attitude, knowledge and                     Use of resources for research (ACRIN), which consists of 30 items divided into three factors:                     attitudes towards research, knowledge about research and use of resources for research. The results                     show that some of the factors for which university professors do not carry out research are                     mainly related to the lack of resources they receive, the lack of attitude they present and the low                     level of knowledge about research.We conclude, therefore, that the lack of scientific production                     in our environment is due mainly to the lack of resources available to teachers to do research.

The research tackles the characterization of the solid waste generated by the canteen of the Universidad Nacional Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo, which aims to determine the amount and propose its final disposal. For this, it was quantified by days, months and its management was proposed; obtained the data were operated with the basic statistics and the bar graphs were prepared for analysis and interpretation. The results determined that the greatest quantity was obtained on Thursdays and Fridays with 17.7 kg and 18.5 kg respectively, in the quantity per month it was November and December with 402.22 kg and 442.38 kg; As a percentage of the characteristics of the waste, the organic waste obtained 66.80%, inorganic waste 24.65% and inert waste 8.55%. Regarding the proposal for organic waste, 41% is proposed for animal feed, as fertilizer for orchards 32% and green areas 20%. Regarding inorganic waste, it is thrown away by 39%, sells 31% and as added value 18%. The results of the characterization and proposal of solid waste make it possible to know the availability for final disposal in its use, giving it an added value, which will favor as a sustainable resource and reduce environmental pollution.

    Ecuador in 1972 transformed its agricultural economy to one dependent on oil export earnings. However, a decrease is expected, exacerbated by a higher extraction energy cost. The energy rate of return (EROI), implies that the lower its value, the lower the net energy in favor of society. The methodology based on the David Murphy protocol was used as methodology. The objective of this investigation is to carry out a preliminary calculation of the EROI of Ecuadorian oil, at the country level and by blocks, obtaining preliminary EROI results for Blocks 7, 10, 15, 16, 21, 46, 47, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62 and 67, and from Ecuador. It is verified that the EROI decreases from a 43 : 1 to 27 : 1 ratio in twelve years, according to the API density and the percentage of BSW of the extracted crude oil that is higher. It is concluded that Ecuador, invests more and more resources, especially fuel for electricity generation, in twelve years increased by 65 %.

This research aims to determine what are the key factors and how they in_uence the export of organic cocoa in the province of Marañón - Huánuco. For this purpose, the following key factors were proposed in the working hypothesis: production,  associativity, _nancing, technology, logistics, marketing and international prices. A descriptive design was developed, initially addressing each of the aforementioned factors, obtaining as a result that logistics has a high impact due to the poor road infrastructure in the area, associativity is constituted as a primary strategy to reach the desired exportable supply, The financing becomes an ally for cooperatives and / or associations allowing to face export costs and, finally, marketing strategies through participation in international fairs allow promoting the brand and generate new customers. In conclusion, logistics, associativity, financing, marketing strategies and production directly in-fluence the export of organic cocoa, while technology and the volatility of international prices do not have a very significant impact on the export process.