Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Introduction. The pine extract may have herbicidal activity to other plants, affecting seed emergence. Objective. To evaluate the pre-emergent effect of a Pinus sp. extract in a greenhouse. Materials and methods. Two experiments were carried out in the K greenhouse of the Fabio Baudrit Moreno Agricultural Experimental Station (EEAFBM), Universidad de Costa Rica, the first in July and the second between September and October 2018. In the first one, the pre-emergent effect of pine extract, with and without added adherent to the spraying broth, on Arthraxon quartinianus (A. Rich.) and a seed bank containing different species were evaluated; in the second experiment the pre-emergent effect of pine on Amaranthus sp., Ischaemum rugosum Salisb., rice (Oryza sativa), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and a seed bank was evaluated. For both experiments, a 15 % formulation of pine extract (3.75 kg a.i. ha-1) was sprayed. In both experiments, the number of seedlings emerged was counted, in the first experiment it was recorded at nine days after spraying (das) and in the second at 17 das. Results. The pre-emergent effect on broad-leaved species was not significant, but it was for A. quartinianus (A. Rich.) (p=0,0009). The adherent reduced the effect of the pine extract on A. quartinianus (A. Rich.) (p=0,0116) and other species (p=0,0398). There was an increase in the germination of weeds coming from the seed bank, 121 % for broad-leaved species in general, 92 % for Amaranthus sp. (p=0,013). Besides, the adherent increased the germination of rice seeds by 34 % (p<0,0001). Conclusions. In a greenhouse there was only a significant pre-emergent effect of pine for the weed A. quartinianus (A. Rich.). The pine extract increased the germination of several species.

Introduction. Distorted segregation (SD) occurs when the expected genotypes do not correspond to those observed, which favors single parent alleles. This phenomenon was observed in intermediate populations from the cross between Solanum pimpinellifolium and the Moneymaker cultivar of Solanum lycopersicum, developed during the construction process of a library of introgression lines. Objective. Obtain informative recombinants that allow physically mapping a region with SD associated with the wild Solanum pimpinellifolium species. Materials and methods. The research was carried out at the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants (IBMCP) attached to the Higher Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) based at the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain. A population of 2000 plants was screened to identify recombinants in that region, with a modification of the high-resolution melting technique (HRM-Multiplex). These recombinants were self-fertilized, and through the Chi-square statistic it was determined whether SNP markers identified within the target region had a normal (1:2:1) or distorted segregation for each informative recombinant selected. Results. Fifty-four informative recombinants were generated and identified, grouped into 10 bins according to the physical recombination site. It was possible to delimit the region with distorted segregation until obtaining a final size of 84 Kb, which was located at the distal end of the long arm of chromosome 4. This region contains a large number of genes, some of which are related to fertilization processes, sterility and cell division among others, which could be related to the studied phenomenon. Conclusion. A gene was found, that causes a segregation distortion in an interval of 84 Kb and possibly is the gene Ge described by Rick in 1966.

Introduction. Animal production technologies have allowed the efficient use of food resources to meet nutritional needs and generate food for the human population. Alternative feed sources in ruminants have been used to increase the productive and reproductive indicators. The expansion of the oil palm area (Elaeis guineensis) for biodiesel production as a renewable energy source has favoured the development of agro-industrial processes through the generation of by-products, such as glycerol, which due to its glycogenic effect, could be considered as an alternative energy source. Objective. To substantiate the nutritional effect of glycerol as a dietary supplement on the response in dairy cattle. Development. Studies have reported beneficial effects of the glycerol use as therapy in the prevention of metabolic disorders associated with the transition period, characterized by nutritional deficiencies and imbalances. Several results have shown that its response is associated with the level of inclusion (5 to 12 % DM) in the diet and the rate of disappearance at the ruminal level, which concerns the intake. Its composition varies according to the quality of the raw material (degree of impurities), which could be considered unsafe for its supply. The energy sources have shown a favourable effect on the reproductive response expressed by the increase in the ovulation rate, the improvement in the modulation of the uterine prostaglandin synthesis, better quality of oocytes, greater competition in embryonic development, and an increase in the conception rates, in which the use of glycerol could be associated. Conclusion. Glycerol could be considered an essential ingredient in diets due to its high energy value and beneficial effect on productive and reproductive indicators, however, it is necessary to expand its study.

Introduction. Meat pork production is rank third of all meats in Mexico after beef and broilers. Production is not enough to supply the national consumption and reduce imports. Objective. Analyze the evolution of costs, profitability and competitiveness of pig production in the regions of Tejupilco and Luvianos, located in the South of the State of Mexico. Materials and methods. The investigation was carried out using information from forty backyard and one technificated farms; A Policy Analysis Matrix was used. Matrices were elaborated of technical coefficients, prices of inputs and product and private budgets. Results. Private returns (RP) were at 26% for backyard ones and 43% for technifhicated one, while private cost ratio (RCP) was 0.35 for backyard ones and 0.17 for technical one, thus, greater competitiveness was observed in the latter. Conclusion. Indicators point out these two types of pig farms were profitable in 2018, and were competitives in relation to those obtained in 2006, it was mainly due to movements in constant terms of inputs costs, which decreased and the increase in the price of live pigs, which contributed producers taking actions to be more productive and efficient.

Introduction. The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes systemic destruction of ectodermal and mesodermal tissues in shrimp and can cause 100 % mortality. Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an intracellular microsporidian that causes lysis of epithelial cells in hepatopancreatic tubules in shrimp. Objective. Detect the presence of WSSV and EHP in fifteen shrimp farms in the Gulf of Nicoya and the Central Pacific from Costa Rica. Materials and methods. Between January 2017 and July 2018 water during the filling process of the pond, postlarvae, and juvenile shrimp of Penaeus vannamei was collected, during a production cycle in each one of the fifteen farms. Samples were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers and protocols to detect the VP41B gene in WSSV, and the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene of EHP. Results. The presence of WSSV was detected in one farm, while EHP was not detected in any of the fifteen farms. The sequencing of the amplified segments of the VP41B gene showed 100 % identity with isolated shrimp sequences in Taiwan and Mexico. Conclusion. WSSV was detected at a very low frequency and EHP was not detected in this study. It is necessary to continue monitoring these agents in the country’s shrimp farms.

Introduction. The pineapple fly (Melanoloma viatrix Hendel, 1911) was first reported in Colombia in 1991, and has become a limiting pest in pineapple crops in this country. The information about the species is scarce and it is required to estimate its distribution, fluctuation, and density, in order to design integrated pest management strategies. Objective. To evaluate food attractants as a sampling mechanism of Melanoloma viatrix Hendel. Materials and methods. The tests were carried out in pineapples farms in the municipality of Giron, Santander, Colombia, during the beginning of the first rainy season of 2003. Eight food attractants were evaluated within McPhail traps located in six random blocks within three commercial pineapple crops of the Perolera variety. Results. The McPhail trap food attractant tests captured more than 13 000 individuals, including diptera, lepidoptera, hymenoptera, neuroptera, hemiptera, and orthoptera, but only 138 specimens of the study species. Conclusion. Significant differences were observed in the captures of M. viatrix, being pineapple rind pieces, pineapple rind extract and natural pineapple juice the attractants that presented the best capture results.

Introduction. Among the limitations of the livestock systems of the Colombian high tropic is fodder seasonality. The use of silvopastoral systems could be a strategy to maximize food production and guarantee a supply of nutrients throughout the year. Objective. The objective was to evaluate in Tithonia diversifolia and Sambucus nigra established in a silvopastoral system, the effect of two ages and cutting heights on morphometric, production, and nutritional quality variables. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the Obonuco Research Center of the Corporacion Colombiana de Investigacion Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA) (Pasto, Colombia) between January and November 2018. A random block design was established in factorial arrangement with four treatments (two ages and two cutting heights) for each species (T1:60 days*20 cm, T2:60 days*50 cm, T3:80 days*20 cm, T4:80 days*50 cm for T. diversifolia and T1:60 days*30 cm, T2:60 days*50 cm, T3:90 days*30cm, T4:90 days*50 cm for S. nigra). Results. The productive variables showed significance in T. diversifolia with higher dry matter (DM kg/bush) at 80 days (30.6 ton ha-1 year-1) and S. nigra at 90 days (14.4 ton ha-1 year-1); the number of branches and shoots showed higher values in T4 for T. diversifolia (127.10 branches/bush and 819.65 shoots/bush). The nutritional quality of T. diversifolia and S. nigra was significantly higher at 60 days; with 26.73 % and 26.25% crude protein, digestibility of 75.45 %, and 76.28 %, and net lactation energy of 1.58 and 1.60 Mcal kg-1 DM, respectively. Conclusion. Biomass production (DM) and resurgence capacity increased when harvested at 80 days in T. diversifolia and 90 days in S. nigra; however, a better nutritional quality was presented at cutting ages of 60 days in the high tropic of Nariño, which evidenced its productive potential for cattle feeding.  

Introduction. The passion fruit plant is important as fresh fruit and in the agroindustry, since its rich in minerals and vitamins and also has potential for domestic consumption and exportation. It has been shown that nitrogen (N) has an influence on fruit yield but there is no information on the optimal N range for maximum production. Objective. Determine the agronomic, physiological, and phenological response, yield and quality of fruit in the cultivation of parchita passion fruit against different doses of nitrogen. Materials and methods. At the Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela from April 2014 to march 2015, passion fruit plants were planted in a completely randomized design, six replicates, and six plants per experimental unit, a control (8 g N plant-1 (T1)) was evaluated and three doses of N (100 (T2), 200 (T3) and 300 (T4) g plant-1), an a dose of 50 and 300 g plant-1 of P2O5 and K2O, respectively were evaluated. The evaluated variables were: plant height, number of leaves, photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration (E), stomach conductance (Gs), chlorophyll index (CI), total leaf N content in doses at flowering and fruiting, yield, and fruit quality. Results. Higher doses of N obtained higher values in height, number of leaves, plant precocity, chlorophyll index, net photosynthesis, and foliar N content and lower values in T1. The variables Gs, A and E, did not show significant differences between the treatments. A 55 % yield reduction was obtained in the control treatment compared to the 200 g N plant-1 treatment which obtained the highest yield. The average fruit weight was significantly higher in T3. Conclusion. The best nitrogen dose in passion fruit plants was 200 g N plant-1.

Introduction. Livestock information systems, besides being indispensable for the daily management of the herd, can serve as a basis for research at the population level. Objective.The objective of the study was to analyze the role of the VAMPP® system as a source of information for cattle population research over 32 years of evolution in Costa Rica. Materials and methods. A statistical analysis of the system database (VAMPP®) covering the period between 1987 and 2018 was carried out. Trends in the dissemination and adoption of the system were evaluated according to period, area, production system, and herd size. The use of information for the exploration of trends by breed and area was exemplified. The contribution of the system at the academy level and production of scientific literature was quantified. Results. 2285 herds (88.8 % specialized dairy and 11.2 % dual purpose) were counted with an average of 9.4±7.9 years of follow-up in the VAMPP® system. The areas with greater diffusion were the very humid premontane forest (29 %) and very humid tropical forest (25 %). The average size of the herd was 124±255 adult cows. The system contains records on 404 316 cows, mostly of Holstein (36.3 %), Jersey (24.6 %), and Holstein×Jersey (20.9 %) breeds. The database includes information on 1,249,557 calvings, 16,223,260 records of daily milk production, and 443,108 health events, predominantly related to mastitis (35.6 %) and laminitis (14.1 %). The system has been used for the elaboration of at least 74 investigations leading to academic degrees and the production of 71 scientific articles, mainly related to health and genetic issues. Conclusion. The information obtained from the VAMPP® system has allowed a detailed characterization of the productive performance of local dairy cattle.

Introduction. The selection of genotypes with a determined growth habit in tomato should contemplate adequate selection criteria to increase the efficiency of the plant breeding program. Objective. The objective of this research was to estimate selection criteria for “chonto” tomato lines with determined growth habit. Materials and methods. The research was developed in the Universidad Nacional de Colombia campus Palmira in 2016, using seven determinate habit growth lines (D) and a control with undetermined habit growth. The heritability in a broad sense (h2g), coefficient of environmental variation, coefficient of genetic variation, selection efficiency, and genetic gain was determined, in morphologic, phenological, quality fruit, fruit shape, and productions parameters using the RELM/BLUP process, from the SELEGEN software. Results. Three ranges of h2g were found, the first with values of h2g greater than 0.76, the second between 0.53 and 0.38, and the third with a value less than 0.38. The highest values of h2g were for final height plant with 0.92, height plant to harvest with 0.88, production per plant with 0.83, days to flowering with 0.83, fruit number with 0.82, and days to harvest with 0.82. For genetic gain it was found that the control presented the highest values within the main parameters for final height plant, plant height to harvest, internode length, days to harvest, crop duration, soluble solids content, number of fruits per plant, weight fruit, and plant production; however, in some parameters such as height and phenology for effects of selection by habit of determined growth lower values were better. Conclusion. Genetic parameters were evidenced that could be considered as selection criteria for “chonto” tomato lines with determined growth of habit.