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ResumenEsta investigación interdisciplinar explora el enorme impacto del desarrollo de los computadores digitales y las tecnologías de la computación en la formación, representación y recepción de la arquitectura a partir de mediados del siglo XX. Este artículo se centra en el vínculo entre arquitectura y computación, específicamente, en el materializado a través de los espacios arquitectónicos generados literalmente por ambas disciplinas: el dispositivo tecnológico ‘edificio’ y el dispositivo tecnológico ‘computador’. Al inicio de la investigación se describen los dispositivos tecnológicos (computadores) pertenecientes a las pre-generaciones de computadores (dispositivos electromecánicos y electrónicos) y a la Primera Generación de la Computación (dispositivos digitales), según la genealogía propuesta por el ingeniero electrónico estadounidense Gordon Bell, en 1980, y por el comisario Paul E. Ceruzzi, en 2003. Se estudia, en concreto, uno de los tres computadores digitales más importantes desarrollados en EE.UU., perteneciente a la Primera Generación: el Whirlwind I o WWI, un mainframe desarrollado en el Campus del Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) entre 1945 y 1956 por Jay W. Forrester y su equipo. Este caso de estudio es uno de los primeros ejemplos de la arquitectura de la computación: Es un dispositivo tecnológico (edificio y computador) que constituye un espacio que se habita y se recorre. Este ejemplo sirve de punto de partida para el análisis del nacimiento de la era digital de la computación y el desarrollo de la arquitectura moderna, que coincidieron en el tiempo y evolucionaron en paralelo. Es en estos espacios de los primeros computadores digitales donde se vislumbran una serie de características que pudieron influir o ser influidos por las arquitecturas que se estaban desarrollando en la disciplina puramente arquitectónica en este mismo periodo. Unos espacios que, pese a no estar recogidos habitualmente entre los que configuran el relato de la arquitectura moderna, deberían ser incluidos en el mismo ya que en ellos se ensayan, en un campo alternativo, cuestiones que de otro modo se estaban desarrollando en los espacios de la modernidad.AbstractThis interdisciplinary research explores the enormous impact that digital computing technologies have had on how architecture has been formed, as represented and received since the mid-20th century. It focuses on the link between architecture and computing, particularly as materialised through architectural spaces generated literally by both disciplines: the technological device building and the technological device computer. Our research begins by describing technological devices (computers) belonging to the pre-generations of computers (electromechanical and electronic devices) and to the First Generation of Computing (digital devices), according to the genealogy proposed by the American electrical engineer Gordon Bell in 1980 and the curator Paul E. Ceruzzi in 2003. Specifically, it studies one of the three most important digital computers developed in the United States. It belonged to the First Generation: The Whirlwind I or WWI was a mainframe developed on the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) between 1945 and 1956 by Jay W. Forrester and his team. This case study is one of the first examples of computational architecture: It is a technological device (building and computer) that constitutes a space which is both inhabited and travelled through. This example acts as a starting point in the analysis of the birth of the digital era of computing and the development of modern architecture, both of which coincided in time and evolved in parallel. These spaces of the first digital computers provided the first glimpse of a number of characteristics that would influence and be influenced by the architectures that were being developed in the purely architectural discipline at the time. Although these spaces are not usually included among the ones told about in the narrative of modern architecture, they should be included in it, as they were used in trying out issues that were otherwise being developed in the spaces of modernity.

AbstractThis interdisciplinary research explores the enormous impact that digital computing technologies have had on how architecture has been formed, as represented and received since the mid-20th century. It focuses on the link between architecture and computing, particularly as materialised through architectural spaces generated literally by both disciplines: the technological device building and the technological device computer. Our research begins by describing technological devices (computers) belonging to the pre-generations of computers (electromechanical and electronic devices) and to the First Generation of Computing (digital devices), according to the genealogy proposed by the American electrical engineer Gordon Bell in 1980 and the curator Paul E. Ceruzzi in 2003. Specifically, it studies one of the three most important digital computers developed in the United States. It belonged to the First Generation: The Whirlwind I or WWI was a mainframe developed on the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) between 1945 and 1956 by Jay W. Forrester and his team. This case study is one of the first examples of computational architecture: It is a technological device (building and computer) that constitutes a space which is both inhabited and travelled through. This example acts as a starting point in the analysis of the birth of the digital era of computing and the development of modern architecture, both of which coincided in time and evolved in parallel. These spaces of the first digital computers provided the first glimpse of a number of characteristics that would influence and be influenced by the architectures that were being developed in the purely architectural discipline at the time. Although these spaces are not usually included among the ones told about in the narrative of modern architecture, they should be included in it, as they were used in trying out issues that were otherwise being developed in the spaces of modernity.

This article draws an analogy between the aggregator, a digital format based on the dynamic collection of external contents, and three works by the French office BRUTHER: a theoretical project of 2018 published in the Cartha journal, its manifesto in 99 notes and the New Generation Research Center in Caen. The analogy is based on the proposals set by art critic David Joselit, for whom the aggregator is a format which, due to its omnipresence in the contemporary media ecology, transfers its logic to many other spheres, including art and creation. These logics promote the gathering of differentiated entities in a common space and surface, something which results in forms that do not exhibit defined hierarchies nor completion, but foster multiple and individualized approaches. As reflected in the manifesto of the French office, BRUTHER’s work is also established on the gathering of unique, differentiated material and imaginary references, the meeting of which seeks to mobilize new ideas and design intuitions. The works published in Cartha and the Research Center are presented here as two products stemming from this logic: architectures generated from the collection of materials of diverse origin and of level importance that, in their coexistence, feed the generation of curiosities, intuitions and spatial scenarios.

Every human organization, of any kind, can be considered as a complex psychosociotechnical systems (CPSTS) which in its process of Strategic-Operational Dynamics should continuously challenge its mental maps to avoid getting trapped in paradigms that could have been succesfull in the past but that perhaps today are not appropiate any more. This is what we call “Strategic Cognition”.The most important mental maps are those with which the Organization formulates its strategy and its fundamental purposes and the mental maps with which goals pyramides that link those fundamental purposes with concrete action are derived.In this sense, every strategy, fundamental process and goals pyramid are considered as “provisory interpretative constructs” that should be approached from several learning levels and theories.These levels are: 1. Learning, 2. Learning to learn, 3. Learning to unlearn, 4. Learning to relearn, and 5. Learning new ways of learning. These theories are: Direct theory, Interpretative theory and Constructivist theory.To internalice these concepts in human organizations, a new approach to Cognitive Psychology is required: Strategic Cognition, in which the CPSTS is the catalyst of the mental maps challenge to achieve an understanded, shared and engaging Strategic Cognition that maximices de Collective Intelligence of that system.

The strategic decision, as every human choice, consists of a cognitive process by which, through continuous recursive iterations of the subdomains of strategy formulation and execution, the organization, considered as a complex psychosociotechnical system, defines its fundamental purposes and goals. This takes place in environments characterized by growing levels of Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity and Friction that the decision maker “interprets” in the framework of a constructivist epistemology. This framework requires five learning levels: learning, learning to learn, learning to unlearn, learning to relearn and learning new ways to learn.

In this paper we consider that the strategic decisions of a firm are the Businesses Portfolio Strategy and the Competitive Strategy of each business. This integrates two core concepts: diversification and differentiation. Strategy formulation consists in determining each of these two decisions and its interrelationship. We also consider that strategy implementation implies the generation of tactical actions that assures its execution. This requires the relationship of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) with those initiatives that enables monitoring and improvement.

The Chief Financial Officer, CFO, is today a key agent in the formulation and implementation fases of the Corporate Strategy portfolio of businesses and of the Competitive Strategy of each business unit individually considered. He/she has to deeply contribute with sound analytical tools to enhance the tangible and intangible strategic process of resources allocation, aiming to shareholders value creation, return on investment and risk exposure. To achieve it, he/she is expected to migrate from a mental paradigm exclusively focused in projected results (the bottom line) to a stronger analytical paradigm that considers the causes of those results in the prospective statements.

The Argentine market is characterized by a marked absence of instruments with optionality. The main cause is the difficulty in valuing the instruments due to high volatility and low liquidity, impacting on the volume of data and models that can be used. This work details the interest rate model of Black, Derman and Toy (1990) and its joint use with information on market expectations and implicit information on the issuance and exchange of instruments in pesos during the administration of Minister Martín Guzmán. We build an interest rate tree in Argentine pesos that allows the valuation of interest rate derivatives in that currency. Market expectations are collected based on the Market Expectations Survey (REM) of the Central Bank of the Argentine Republic (BCRA), while the selected issues are those made during the first part of the year 2020 in pesos adjustable by Stabilization Coefficient Reference (CER) with the objective of reformulating the financing of the treasury in national currency.

To understand a firm as a dynamic and open Complex PsychoSocioTechnical System, requires to avoid a reductionist perspective to analyze it and to manage it as an isolated entity with respect of other entities that impact that system and that are impacted by it. The environment is not a passive context: it conditions the system’s inputs, its outputs and its “frontier relationships”. This is why it is essential to consider every firm as a component of value chains that links vertically and horizontally that component generating clusters of organizations seen as “larger systems”, integrated by other firms, public sector agents, academic institutions and research, development and innovation centers and non-governmental organizations. Goals achievement of each entity depends of the systemic emergent properties arisen from the interaction of those clusters and value chains as larger systems.

Both in clasical corporations owned by a small number of stockholders with top-down vertical management processes or associative enterprises of several “pair-owners” with an horizontal participative management approach or in other human organizations such as NGOs or specialized clusters, Strategic-Operational Dynamics is a central methodology to translate ideas in goals, goals in action initiatives and these in concrete results.At the same time, these results should be used to recursively iterate in a five levels learning process: learning, learning to learn, learning to unlearn, learning to relearn and learning new ways of learning.This takes place in a framework in which “the outside” is characterized, as we said by the interaction of Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity and Friction and “the inside” is configured by the interaction of five gears: Strategy (Corporate and Competitive), (Distinctive) Competences, (Competitive) Advantages, Beliefs and Processes. The dynamic coupling of these gears configure the “PENTA” as the conceptual, referential and operational scheme with which we consider any company as a Complex PsychoSocioTechnical SystemStrategic-Operational Dynamics and Corporate Psychology as it’s human perspective, explains a company’s evolution as the transformational process of it’s PENTA System through five stages: StartUp, ScaleUp, StrengthUp, LeadUp and Keystone.The purpose of this paper is to describe a Methodology that substantially improves the probability of organizations in achieving it’s goals, considering any Organization as a Complex PsychoSocioTechnical System (CPSTS).