Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Digital Elevation Models improve accuracy in terrain analysis. This work compared different interpolation methods using statistical criteria in a topographic survey of 339 points raised with a total station in the “San Juan de Lagunillas” area (Venezuela). The existence of a significant trend process with spatial autocorrelation modeled by an isotropic Gaussian semivariogram was documented. The kriging allowed to obtain residuals less than a minimum tolerable error equal to 0.1 m. The residual kriging was the best evaluated in cross validation with exclusion (absolute mean error of 0.71 m). The disjunctive kriging showed a lower error average but a wider error range and the highest mean absolute error (12.8 m). The other kriging showed mean error variance greater than 1.3 m and absolute minimum errors greater than 0.85 m. Due to the high dependence on the model specification form, graphics are recommended for a better fit.

Diameter and height are crucial parameters in forest inventories to determine the volume that is stored in the forest. The objective of this research was to generate an equation for eight federative entities that allows an accurate estimate of the timber volume of Abies religiosa in the center and south of the country. Around 2,747 trees were used to adjust equations of total tree roll volume, branch volume and total tree volume (vrta, vramas and vta). The following criteria were set for the selection of the best model; adjusted coefficient of determination, bias, mean error; as well as the graphical and numerical analysis of the residuals. Due to the lack of information on the branches, for Tlaxcala and Veracruz states only the total tree roll volume was obtained. The goodness of fit generated by the equations is reliable, since it explains more than 93% to the dependent variable, the errors are less than 0.47 m. These expressions are useful tools that can be applied by forestry technicians in different stands in the study area.

The increase in urban trees is an progressively common practice around the world given its importance in the provision of different environmental services, although its establishment is carried out under variable space conditions that may impact its development. In this study, the variation of functional traits of six species of the woodland of Bogotá in relation to different methods of sites used in the city was analyzed. The results showed that not all species responded in the same way to the sealing conditions of the soils, in which some benefited from the increase in impervious surfaces, some were affected and others did not show significant changes between different locations. These findings highlight the importance of recognizing the functional component of species in urban areas as a tool for management, seeking to maximize their development and the offer of environmental services.

Maxillaria densa is a native American orchid extended in high mountains and humid forests. The objective of this review is to provide a critical analysis on ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the species, focusing on its potential for biotrading. The study was conducted exploring the PubMed, Scopus, SciELO and SciFinder databases and specialized websites, looking for bioactive molecules and thus confirming what properties and compounds contain this plant. M. densa is traditionally used for the treatment of stomach pains, such as antidiarrheal and antispasmodic. The extracts obtained from M. densa show the presence of six active ingredients derived from phenanthrene, an aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbon. The biological activity studies carried out have shown spasmolytic, antinociceptive and relaxing effects. M. densa grows in coffee crops under shade, which are considered sustainable production systems, increasing the chances of green businesses for local farmers. From the mentioned findings, M. densa presents a potential as a source of bioactive molecules and as an ornamental flower, opening a new perspective in the Bioeconomy field.

The aim of the present study was to adjust linear and non-linear equations in order to estimate the carbon component of leaves, branches and entire trees. The results indicate that at the individual level, the total component shows the best adjustment statistics, while major variation is detected in the branches and in the trunk. In addition, an analysis of the biomass percentages in each component indicates that the trunk accounts for 57% of the biomass, 9% for leaves and 34% for branches.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Agroforestry systems (AFS) and non-AFS of Theobroma cacao L. on soil and leaf litter quality, during rainy (RS) and dry (DS) seasons in a tropical zone. The treatments were T. cacao crop (CC), Yopo forestry (Anadenanthera peregrina L.) Speg. (YF), Acacia forestry (Acacia mangium Willd.) (AF), Agroforestry system of T. cacao + Yopo forestry (CYF), Agroforestry system of T. cacao + Acacia forestry (CAF), arranged in random design in the field. Leaf litter production was highest in CC (0.79 and 0.73 ton.ha-1) during RS and DS, respectively. CC and AFS improved soil fertility, less Mg in CC; AFS leaf litter quality, CAF in DS and CYF in both seasons, less B and S in DS. AFS can be a solution in tropical zones to solve the problems of low soil fertility.

The article aims to present the ways in which women break everyday life and begin to weave networks with other women, in order to strengthen their presence in the publicpolitical space. Through a proposal of the process of empowerment in degrees (affective, family, dialogic, labor, economic, political and legal) it is considered to show some strategies that are marking characteristics that allow them to position themselves in the spaces in which they are mobilized. In this logic, the different conceptions about the category empowerment as the basis for later empirical work are analyzed first. The study context is the Association of United Single Mothers of Sinaloa which has 15 coordinations, one of them located in Elota, in La Cruz, Sinaloa, where workshops were held and by means of the observation technique two women were intentionally selected to who had an episodic interview.

In a context of economic instability, the re-conversion of the labor market and continuous fluctuations in the employment entity as a determining factor in the social inclusionexclusion binomial, we attend a particular characterization of the social policies that seek to affect the current situation of our society. The insertion by employment seems to be the cornerstone of the latent model of Social Policy in Europe, making use of labor activation and its various strategies and measures as possible lifesavers in the face of the high rates and structures of mortality, poverty and social exclusion rates. Around this attempt of welfare state, the present investigation analyzes, the hand of Social Workers that makes the profession in the Centers of Social Action, the paper and the scope of the labor activation in wich it seems to be the policy Star of the Community of Castile and Leon in the face of poverty and social exclusion: the Guaranteed Income of Citizenship.

Introduction. In recent years, multiple studies have been conducted on the phenomenon of bullying within educational contexts, in the same way it has been written about the profiles of the aggressors, as well as their characteristics and behaviors (Acevedo 2010), however Little has been studied about the so-called “passive aggressor”, the spectators of the aggressions, who represent a type of subtle aggressor, invisible in most cases, but of fundamental presence; The main objective of this article is to show the results of a study aimed at identifying the types of spectators that predominate in twelve Basic Education Institutions of the City of Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico, of which six are of primary level and six of secondary level; taking into consideration 75 students of these levels in ages ranging from 6 to 15 years old. Material and methods. The Bullying Card was designed in school contexts, through which four types of bullying spectators were identified: passive, antisocial, reinforcing and assertive. Conclusions. The study revealed that the assertive spectator predominates in the twelve institutions addressed; showing with it, a growing participation of the students in the matter of prevention of school violence that is currently lived in the entity.

Through this article, claiming the relevance of the exercise of interdisciplinarity, a theoretical/ methodological strategy is exposed to venture into what we consider as a relationship or reciprocal incidence between the discipline of Social Work and the theory and politics of regional development. At the same time, it is recognized that there can be two-way complementarities and links between the two, since the Social Worker requires –in their training  and professional practice– development studies and other knowledge and tools that help to inscribe and contextualize the social issue and its problems in the territory, as a sociohistorical construction endowed with an unbalanced and uneven dynamics that merits the promotion, participation and social intervention exercised by this professional. It is precisely these actions, skills and abilities that will help you to contribute - after taking advantage of your solid theoretical / methodological and instrumental training - in the design and adoption of local / regional development projects that require awareness of social problems, as well as from a dialogue with other professionals and specialists.