Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The article analyses the recognition of the “indigenous jurisdiction” (“indigenous justice”) in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. In the context of current Latin American reforms on indigenous rights, Bolivia’s relevance is due to the following reasons: (1) Bolivia is considered the Latin American country with the highest proportion of indigenous population. (2) The Bolivian State has recognised indigenous rights in a particularly broad way. (3) In Bolivia, laws have been passed to make these rights effective. In view of this, however, it is argued that the reforms to recognize the indigenous jurisdiction should be analyzed as a contradictory process of “ ethnicization” of indigenous legal practices. While they define this jurisdiction as an expression of ethnicity and culture, they ignore both its socio-economic foundations and the specific characteristics of politically fragmented societies. I will use empirical material to discuss some of the implications of this ethnicization in the example of the Guaraní of Bolivia. As will be seen, the legislation on indigenous jurisdiction, on the one hand, is inserted into government projects to codify and structure “cultural authenticity”. On the other hand, its application changes local legal practices and implies ambivalent processes of adaptation on the way to building autonomy.

This article proposes the category of indirect etiquette patterns as a construct that makes it easier to organize collective behaviors of the Bribri and Cabecar indigenous groups of Costa Rica. Therefore, it informs about frequent patterns in everyday life designed to avoid confrontation with people or their surroundings. The authors gathered data through ethnographic field work carried out at different times, most recently between 2014 and 2017 (by Pozo), and the earliest ones between 1970 and 1980 (by Bozzoli). Data also comes from reviewing literature. The concept was discussed with elderly people of the community (Këkëpa), who expressed their interpretation according to Bribri thought. The discussants are residents of the Lari and Coen valleys of Talamanca. Indirect behavioral patterns of communication turned out to be classifiable into subcategories: indirect conversation, use of substitute codes and protocols of respect. Indirect etiquette is a descriptive category which has not been used in previous ethnographic literature; it was found to facilitate organizing indirect observances and their possible explanations. Indirect patterns avoid conflict and preserve meaning related to identity and worldview; knowing about them helps the outsider to Bribri customs to establish better relationships with the Bribri communities.

   

   

The article aims at a historiographic approach to the history of heritage restoration from its origins to the present day, with a special emphasis on the «historical fake», through literature review and analysis of different case studies. The concept emerged in Europe in the middle of the 20th century, but its appearance in the practical field dates to the first romantic restorations. «Unity of style» and its struggle against the anti–restorative posture will mark the nineteenth century until the new century brings the triumph of the conservative tendency, nuanced in the following by several authors until reaching an aesthetic–historical balance. The Spanish panorama follows this evolution until the Franco dictatorship imposes again the historicist values, a position that will begin to change at the dawn of democracy. Despite this theoretical advance, the current situation is dominated by disparate criteria that cause a heterogeneous restorative landscape.

In la Muela de Alborajico, a setting of the municipality of Tobarra (Albacete), there exist three excavated rooms in the stone which have been defined as an eremitic complex in which cave I would be the monacal church. Our research proposes a new possibility: without discording that this space may have been occupied by monks, we consider that these rooms are tombs. The holes, the stone beds with pillow, lead us to believe that they are Etruscan tombs, or otherwise with clear Etruscan influence of prominent persons who lived there between the seventh and second centuries B.C. Afterwards, cave I was transformed into a reservoir in the Hispanic–Muslim period. Alongside the artificial cavities with their stone beds, there exist small caves and remains of a pre–Roman settlement, which leads us to think of a funerary complex with dates back to the second millennium before Christ and that, perhaps, might have belonged to the culture of El Algar.

     

   

The Morales road was a roman mining pathway that connected Corduba with Sierra Morena and, like others, has gone unnoticed in the road studies, without documentation or archaeological research. That’s why the main goal of this work is study the layout of the road, georeference the archaeological remains and study road repairs. Also, in relation to the road, we investigate the archaeological site of Arroyo de San Cristobal–Los Morales.

Radiology and tomography applied to the research of mummies of animals give us valuable information on different aspects: to know the different tissues and layers of bandages; determining the existence of amulets inside animals; specifying the dating of the mummies; analyzing conservation techniques and animal anatomy; knowing the existence of internal elements. The animals examined have been a young crocodile of the Nile and an american reptile with a par ticular embalming process filled with papyrus. The study has been completed with a bronze cat wrapped in line mummified. With this new work, 21 animals have been studied at the University of Navarra since 2009.