Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The union movement has its origin from the phenomenon of industrialization, where there was an increase in the number of workers having men, women, and children equally among their ranks, who would be exploited indiscriminately. The trade union movement was born then to enforce the rights of workers and regulate the conditions to which they were subjected. It is here where the union positions itself as an association of salaried or employed workers, permanent and autonomous, non-profit, for the representation and defense of their collective interests, notwithstanding the arrival of the union movement in America Latina did not have the best reception, facing various problems and showing a significant gap between the private sector and public sector unions. For the following research work, bibliographic review and hermeneutics were used for the analysis of the postulates, as well as various articles, books, magazines and surveys retrieved from virtual libraries, a detailed analysis was carried out regarding the positions of the authors who have made significant contributions on unions in the public and private sector, making a historical retrospective of their origin and how this labor movement came to Latin America, likewise an approach was made to unionism in Colombia, the problems to which faced and the impact caused. Thus, concluding that the unions have been exposed to environments of inequality, State interference, lack of cohesion from the worker base and several critical moments since their creation, observing, as well as the main differences between the public and private sectors, causing distortions in the right of strike and bargaining, and serious and irreconcilable significant wage gaps.

Administrative law is the set of legal rules that govern the organization, powers and functions of public institutions, whose activities are aimed at achieving the social welfare of citizens. Administrative law not only focuses on the legal relationship of the Public Administration with citizens, but also includes the regulations governing public services. The Public Administration is the set of state agencies whose activities are aimed at satisfying public needs, however, to avoid arbitrariness or abuse in the Public Administration by those who hold power, it is essential that their actions be carried out on the basis of the principle of legality, as a fundamental rule of the rule of law. The principle of legality guarantees that all the actions of the Public Administration are subject to the law and are controlled by the Judiciary through the Third Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, which exercises control of legality in relation to administrative acts. and must ensure effective judicial protection that protects the rights of citizens. After addressing the principle of legality, the issue of administrative discretion arises, which translates into the reasonableness that officials must exercise in accordance with their powers, to resolve situations whose particularities are not contemplated in the regulations, and that require immediate attention. Our society evolves, but the regulations do not necessarily follow the same rhythm, therefore, administrative discretion is the core of the problem of administrative law, however, said discretion based on the Public Administration is not limited to the automatic application of the laws, but to its essential purpose, which is to satisfy public needs. The discretionary power appears as a margin of discretion of public institutions, which represents an opportunity to dictate an administrative act for reasons of public interest, which is always subject to judicial control, in order to guarantee the protection of fundamental rights. Faced with administrative discretion, the motivation of administrative acts plays an important role, in which the competence must be reflected in accordance with the law, the background, object and cause of fact and law, which supports as far as possible the rational justification of the administrative act in accordance with the functions of the Public Administration.

Understanding and operating sustainability within the educational practice, linked to environmental education, requires an approach that overcomes the linear sense, making room for complex thinking as a model alternative, concretized in the curricular framework and in the didactic deployment that should characterize it. From this perspective, the objective was to examine the curricular possibilities of sustainability from a multi-referential perspective, as a way of access to complex thinking. For this purpose, we resorted to the analysis and conceptual interpretation, as well as to the operativity of the theoretical precepts on transdiscipline and curricular transversality, since they are the referents that currently best explain environmental education. The results show the instrumental and scientificist sense of the current curricular proposals within the field of environmental education, aimed at the decontextualized management of sustainability, focused on disciplines, showing the relevance and validity of transdisciplinary approaches, of a multi-referential nature. It is concluded in the need to transcend the current instructional curricular design of transdiscipline and the utilitarian sense of transversality as ways of access to sustainability, to approach it from multireferentiality, attending to the complex social framework that prevails in each educational institution, assumed as a community.      

The national curriculum has been evaluated and updated on several occasions to solve problems identified around student learning. Previously reduced to a study program, the curricular guide was converted into a guiding document for pedagogical management. However, it is still necessary to evaluate the issue of legitimated knowledge that is expressed through the curriculum. It is not enough to provide solutions to how the student learns but to critically analyze what aspects of the collective culture have been considered in the exercise of cultural transmission. This essay exposes the process through which orthodoxy is configured in the Ecuadorian literary field. For this, the ideological and discursive project consolidated in Ecuador’s two different historical periods is briefly analyzed. The school, as a reproductive agent of the fabric of discourses in circulation, can favor the conservation of the canon. On the other hand, the action of the ideological projection of the current curriculum maintains the reproduction of legitimized knowledge. The ideology of the Language and Literature curriculum is studied from two areas: the technical-administrative needs of the industrial economy and the negative treatment of the uses of the conflict that depoliticizes it.

The global pandemic, caused by Covid-19, has significantly exacerbated the problems of various sectors of our society, with higher education being one of the most widely affected sectors; To deal with this situation, an “emergent adjustment” had to be made, replacing face-to-face classes with virtual semesters and periods. Objective: To investigate and know the perception of the students of the Santo Tomás Chile University, regarding their experiences in virtual classes during the year 2021, and their perspective regarding the return to face-to-face classes. Methodology: Survey applied to university students combining a mixed approach of both quantitative and qualitative aspects. Results: Most of the students have technological devices for the development of virtual classes. About this experience, the students have had shared visions between center options, although satisfaction prevailed. The level of demand was high. Among the main drawbacks were connectivity problems, lack of adequate space in the home, and distraction from the family environment. Conclusions: The response capacity to give continuity to the school year stands out, an uncertain level of educational quality to measure, and the presence of practices and technological elements that could be used in the future.

Reading comprehension is one of the most important challenges in Latin American education because a considerable number of students have difficulties in reading, analyzing and discussing academic texts. In most cases, there has been evidence of a poor application of methodological strategies by teachers in educational institutions so that students can adequately understand and synthesize the information studied throughout the academic cycles. Currently, young people read mainly out of obligation or academic commitment, since the teacher requests it as an evaluative requirement of some activity, but not as a practice of general interest that promotes understanding, deduction and later the construction of knowledge with significant learning. Therefore, the methodology of this research focused on analyzing, through a qualitative approach, twenty scientific articles stored in the Redalyc database through a systematic review, where it is intended to determine the most innovative and technological strategies such as the arborigram, paraphrasing, infographics, comics, online graphic organizers and music as an attractive element that allow teachers together with their students to achieve a correct reading comprehension and encourage young people to that they get a reading habit by taking advantage of their mobile devices.

This work aims to analyze the state of fine motor skills after returning to classes in children aged 5 to 6 years old in two schools in Quito. For this, an observational test was carried out on an intentional sample of 74 children, 44 from private and 30 from public schools. The instrument used gathered 11 indicators on eye-hand coordination, the use of the digital clamp, and other skills. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and p-value statistics were used to test the hypothesis regarding the difference between schools. Among the main results, there are no differences between the two schools, except for one indicator. However, motor functions have not yet been achieved, including handling the digital clamp and tying shoelaces; the girls also performed better than boys on tests. In conclusion, the pandemic could have impacted some skills that children at that age should already have acquired; however, in Ecuador, no previous studies support that confinement has been the cause that has influenced the difficulties of getting these skills.

Home and instructional learning environments can influence children’s literacy development in English as a Foreign Language. The main objectives of this research are 1) to determine the influence of school and home elements on children’s literacy process and 2) to identify reading practices and English tasks carried out at home. The research counted with the participation of 142 pupils and their families belonging to two different bilingual schools from Seville, Spain. This study followed an ex post facto design with natural groups in which quantitative data were collected through questionnaires to families and qualitative data through observations of pupils. Data were analysed through the Mann-Whitney U test and discriminant analysis. Results show that the frequency of reading in front of children, the mothers’ help with English tasks at home, and a certain amount of extramural English influenced the literacy process. Furthermore, the study identified significant differences between the two schools in relation to literacy practices at home and parental involvement in schoolwork. The results obtained present relevant implications in promoting family training and involvement and engaging in interactive collaborations with the school.

Civic instruction in higher education is a primary concern issue, considering the current situation of isolation and loss of collective and social sense of future professionals. For this reason, we considered relevant to conduct a systematic documentary research whose objective was to identify the criteria that have underpinned research on civic instruction in higher education in the period from 2011 to 2020 in the Latin American context. For which we analyzed 20 scientific research articles identified in specialized journals of the Redalyc, Dialnet and Scielo repositories. The method used was a documentary study that defined the theoretical and methodological proposals that supported the research analyzed. The results produced knowledge based on the following criteria: university social responsibility, active citizenship, ethical education and citizenship competencies. So, it is based on the notion that the university is a kind of agora, where students are educated in both the academic and the social aspects, so that –through professionalization– they can be praxic agent committed to the common good.