Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

In addressing the issue raised we developed a conceptual analysis of the federal model and the most prominent references of its application, as well as a description of the historical federal process that Loja province experienced, it is finally theorized about the relevance of a national federal model and in this case the possibility of reediting the presence of a crazy federal state built from the associativity of territories in a couple of options raised. It must be stated that in order to “Integrate the territories” in Ecuador, it will be necessary to refer to criteria of decentralization, autonomy and federalism, which in our historical memory are perceived as relatively new. In the same way, a section is developed from a national perspective and immediately the local and regional visions on these issues are incorporated, primarily those that consider the provinces of the southern Ecuadorian.

Este artículo busca explicar la crisis del régimen correísta en Ecuador. Mediante un estudio de caso cualitativo centrado en el análisis de interacciones políticas y mecanismos causales, buscamos aportar a la comprensión de los cambios políticos radicales y la inestabilidad institucional en Ecuador. La investigación evidencia que el correísmo dominó la política ecuatoriana durante una década, gracias al impulso del constitucionalismo anti-pactista, polarizando a grupos de interés, movimientos sociales y actores políticos en su contra. Esos actores  se unieron para forzar una crisis al interior del correísmo en un momento de recesión económica. Surgió así un nuevo cambio radical en Ecuador, marcado por el ascenso del anti-correísmo y la permanencia de un escenario político polarizante.

The purpose of this research project was to determine the appropriate dosage of humic acid and Caesalpinia spinosa (tare), for the goat skin tanning process, depending on the quality of the lea- ther obtained, as an alternative to the use of chromium salts and their impact environmental. The experimental units used in the present investigation were16 fresh goat skins, which were subjec- ted to the tanning process using different concentrations of humic acid (0, 5, 10 and 20 %) and a fixed percentage of tare (15%) in the "EL AL-CE" Industrial Plant located in Guano. Once the process was finished, the quality of the skins obtained was evaluated through physical-mechani- cal, sensory and chemical tests. Finally, a Simple Randomized Experimental Design was applied, of 4 treatments with 4 replicates each using a statistical package. The best results of the statistical treatment in physical-mechanical tests: tensile strength (2973.80 N / cm2), elongation percentage (62.50%) and lastometry (7.89 mm) were reported when tanning with 10% humic acid and 15% tare. From the sensory rating, excellent results were obtained in tanning with 20% humic acid, while in softness and f lower looseness of the tanning with 10% humic acid and 15% tare, it genera ted the best results. Chemical evaluation obtained very good results in all investigated treatments. In conclusion, the results show the feasibility of tanning with 10% humic acid in combination with 15% tare, obtaining tanned leathers without chrome meeting the characteristics required by the European markets for its export industrial.

In Morona Santiago province, 4%, 8% and 12% extract of Dulcamara Kalanchoe gastonis bonnieri was used in drinking water in broiler chickens of the COBB 500 line during the growth and fattening stage in order to reduce their morbidity and mortality compared to a control treatment to reduce production costs. The research design was experimental, quantitative, analytical. A random design with 4 treatments was applied to 100 one-day-old birds, each with 5 repetitions under controlled conditions; Analysis of Variance and the Tukey method were used for information analysis. Statistically there were no significant differences; but with the 4% dulcamara extract a final weight of 2,690.88 g was obtained; 2,646.92 g of weight gained and 1.97 of feed conversion without presenting mortality and morbidity except for the control treatment. The use of Dulcamara extract also resulted in a cost/benefit of US$1.39 by reducing production costs and generating higher profitability. It is concluded that it is advisable to use Dulcamara extract at 4% as an option in broiler production.

The correct management of urban solid waste has been a permanent concern for municipal go- vernments due to the great volume generated. In order to improve the collection system of these waste, the Municipal Autonomous Decentralized Government of Riobamba in 2 013 used a contai- nerization system based on the experience of door to door picking. In this investigation, the geo- rreferenciation of the containers was made generating digital maps and was determined the per- ception of users about the implemented system, through the application and validation of research instruments. The data obtained were subjected to the multivariate analysis determining that the effectiveness, frequency, location and culture-municipal budget characterized the phenomenon. Regarding these factors, the daily collection was satisfactory for 528 users, while 302 affirmed the good condition of the containers, 407 their enough capacity and 384 coincided with an adequate location of the container. However, 232 users detected a bad smell due to lack of washing and 248 reported misuses. The characterization of containerization service will contribute to establish po- lities focused on their improvement.

A proposal for the management of wastes generated at the “Padre Alberto Bonilla” hospital was developed. To do this, the hospital was divided into 7 areas and waste-generating activities were identified. For each area, it was quantified hazardous wastes, thus their weights, volumes and densities were obtained. Subsequently, environmental impacts caused by an incorrect disposal of hazardous waste were valued by means of cause-and-effect matrix. Finally, the technical proposal was structured to provide solution to the negative impacts identified. As a result, it was determined that the hospital generates 69.07 kg/day of waste, being the areas of greater incidence of hospitalization with a production of 25 kg/day of waste, followed by the kitchen with a production of 19 kg/day. The total daily volume on a basis and the density of the wastes were of 0.83 m3 and 70.8 kg/m3, respectively; and in terms of composition, it depends on the area. According to the cause-effect matrix, the hospital, emergency and laboratory areas have the greatest impact on the problem of hazardous waste.  The implementation of the technical proposal for waste management,  which will contribute to the sustainable development of the health institution, is recommended. Palabras claves: Desechos hospitalarios, Gestión de desechos, Caracterización, Evaluación, Impacto ambiental

Cuando el investigador no cuenta con un conocimiento apriori de la conformación  de grupos  en un conjunto  de datos dado, emerge la necesidad de realizar una clasificación conocida como clasificación no supervisada. Además, el conjunto  de datos puede ser mixto (datos  cualitativos y/o  cuan- titativos) o presentarse  en grandes volúmenes. El algoritmo  k-medias, por ejemplo, no permite  la comparación de datos  mixtos  y está limitado  a un máximo de 65536 objetos en el software R. K-medoides, por su parte, permite la comparación  de datos mixtos pero también tiene la misma limitación de objetos que k-medias. El algoritmo  CLARA tradicional  puede exceder fácilmente este limitante  de volúmenes, pero  no permite  la comparación  de datos mixtos. En este contexto, este trabajo  es una extensión del algoritmo CLARA para datos mixtos, el algoritmo CLARABD. La distancia  de Gower es central  en CLARABD para realizar esta extensión, debido a que permite la comparación de datos mixtos y también es posible procesar un conjunto de datos con mas de 65536 observaciones. Para mostrar  las bondades del algoritmo propuesto, se ha realizado un proceso de simulación así como una aplicación a datos reales obteniendo resultados consistentes en cada caso.

Se evaluó el sistema de protección catódica aplicado en la base de los tanques de almacenamiento de combustible del terminal de productos limpios de la empresa pública EP PETROECUADOR, localizado en la ciudad de Riobamba, realizada durante los meses de enero y mayo de 2018. Así pues, se evaluó la efectividad del sistema por Corriente Impresa, midiendo el potencial electroquímico y la caída óhmica (IR), mediante la técnica de la interrupción de la corriente (IOP). El espesor de los tanques se midió por ultrasonido y el análisis físico-químico se realizó al suelo para conocer la humedad, índice de plasticidad y corrosividad. Se encontró que el suelo donde se encuentran apoyados los tanques (sobre losas de hormigón armado) es un terreno con una resistividad entre 10 916.15 y 14 363.36 Ω/cm, por lo que tiene una baja corrosividad. El  SPC es efectivo ya que presente baja velocidad de corrosión 0.152 mm/año. Con la interrupción de corriente se determinó que el 53% de la base de los tanques de acero revestidas y protegidas catódicamente cumplen con los criterios de protección catódica del acero con polarización de +100 mV., establecido en la Norma NACE Estándar SP 0169-2013.

La eliminación de los componentes ácidos del gas natural se conoce como  endulzamiento, esto se logra mediante su absorción con soluciones básicas como las alcanolaminas, a través de una reacción exotérmica reversible lo que posteriormente permite su regeneración. En esta investigación teórica se realizó la absorción de CO2 y H2S presentes en el gas natural utilizado el simulador de procesos ASPEN PLUS con su paquete termodinámico para aminas (modelo de Kent y Eisenberg), empleando como absorbedor una solución acuosa de monoetanolamina (MEA). El software AS- PEN PLUS es una buena herramienta para el cálculo de variables de operación del proceso. Así pues, se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios de absorción de CO2  y H2S cuando se aumenta el f lujo y la concentración de amina. El proceso de absorción se produce de mejor manera a temperaturas bajas y presiones altas; por el contrario, el proceso de desorción mejora a temperaturas altas y pre- siones bajas.  La concentración de CO2  en el gas limpio se ve inf luenciada por el número de etapas del absorbedor, no así el H2S.

Previous studies reveal that samples with outliers alter the type I and type II error of a t-Student test for inference of a mean. The methodology that these works use to simulate extreme data consists of mixing two different normal in order to contaminate the data. We think that this technique is not the most appropriate, since, when making this process, the result is not a new normal, which is breaching the main assumption of the test. In this work, this methodology is repeated in order to verify the problems described, but atypical data are also generated from a single normal without the need for any contamination. Using this last methodology, and with a stochastic simulation process, the probability of type I and type II error is estimated, from which it is concluded that the t-Student is a robust test against the presence of outliers and its power does not depend of the number of extreme data generated in the sample.