Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

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The recent legislative changes that seek to lessen the harmful effects that the new reality (pandemic) generates on contracts, has raised an old topic that has to do with the level of protection that must be granted to contracts against legislative changes. The discussion on the alleged sanctity of contracts has historical and constitutional roots that must be well understood in order to avoid distortions in the field of civil law and its current tendencies to abandon the liberal vision to open the way to a more social vision of contracts

This work discusses the impact of reasonability in law, focusing in the ways that it influences the configuration of a model of a subject of law. From this analysis, and considering its variable nature, we will go through the role that the judges plays in assigning it a meaning.In particular, we will put our attention on the different ways that courts have used the reasonability category to answer to circumstances unexpected by the legislation and that change the historical debate between the preservation of juridical stability and the necessary flexibility of courtdecision.

Organic agriculture is an autonomous agricultural cultivation system based on the optimal use of natural resources, and arises in response to the contamination of conventional agriculture that uses synthetic chemicals. Since its inception, it has attracted growing interest and support worldwide. The research aims to identify the characteristics of farmers and the factors that determine the existence of organic agriculture in the Piura region. To identify the characteristics of farmers we used parametric and non-parametric tests and for the determining factors, we developed a probabilistic probit econometric model. The database comes from the 2018 National Agricultural Survey. There are significant differences between both groups of samples of farmers who adopt and do not adopt organic agriculture. The most important factors that influence and determine the probability of adoption of organic agriculture is the use of organic fertilizer, use of irrigation, training, technical assistance and whether it belongs to any association, committee or cooperative, each with effects of 1.8, 1.5, 1.6, 1.5 and 1.2 percentage points respectively. Another group of factors with minimal effects are the use of chemical fertilizers, use of certified seed and financing with -0.6, 0.1 and 0.2 percentage points respectively. Finally, the agricultural area and the altitudinal level with 0.0004 and 0.0003 percentage points of probability. The educational level does not have a significant influence; therefore, it is not a determining factor in the adoption of organic agriculture. Similar behavior has the gender variable.

The objective is to identify the socio-economic factors that influence the probability of achieving a return in university higher education in the Puno region. The methodology is based on the use of the Mincer equation, being the dependent variable, the levels of monthly salary income of the graduate. The information was obtained from a survey applied to young people whose graduation period was 2008-2014 in public and private universities in the region and graduates were grouped by areas of knowledge such as: Business and economic sciences; Human life sciences; Social Sciences; Construction Engineering- Mining- Electricity; Animal life sciences and basic sciences. Initially, a statistical description of the data was carried out and then the maximum likelihood economic analysis technique was applied, with the ordered probit model and the marginal effects that explain that the probability of obtaining high monthly wages depend on the chosen career were analyzed, of the sex of the graduate and his age, but not of his experience or the level of education attained by the parents. The results indicate that, for income between 1001 and 2000 soles, they indicate the Social Sciences degrees. For incomes between 2001 and 3000 soles, the business and economic sciences careers are included along with the careers in agricultural sciences and animal life sciences. Finally, for income between 3001 to 4,000 soles, engineering careers, linked to civil construction, stood out; mining and electricity. As well as careers in the sciences of human life, highlighting medicine.

The study analyzed local public spending and the flypaper effect in the local governments of the Puno-2018 region, intergovernmental transfers can cause two effects, the flypaper effect and fiscal laziness, the flypaper effect is considered when intergovernmental transfers can cause a expansion of local public spending greater than in the face of an equivalent increase in the municipality's own income. To determine the existence of the flypaper effect, the local spending model was estimated based on fiscal variables. The results show the existence of the flypaper effect in the municipalities of the Puno region, the flypaper for the total sum of transfers received by the municipalities is 0.74%, according to the canon item the flypaper is 0.25% and the foncomun is 0.33%. This indicates that in the face of an increase in transfers from the canon and foncomun, local spending increases by 0.34% and 0.41% respectively, but given the same proportion of increase in tax revenue, local spending increases only by 0.09%, these results show that the expansion of local spending is greater in the face of transfers and this would prove that municipalities prefer to provide public goods with transfers than with tax revenues.

The possibility to create in criminal process a Leniency Programme, makes necessary to determine the scope of this system to ensure that it’s suitable with the norms of due process. Particularly, it requires to determinate the extent of leniency agreements that can be taken, the conditions for its execution, the consequences of non compliance, how should be collected the information provided for the informer or whistleblower and its procedural efficiency. This paper focuses on the last topic, that is, on the requirements to include into criminal process the information provided for the informer and its efficiency to take a judicial interlocutory decision, specially the decisions which may effect the personal and procedural situation of person under investigation.

The study aims to determine the level of technical efficiency of public resources in the UNA period 2014-2018, an analysis is carried out in two stages on a total of 350 observations, corresponding to professional schools. In the first stage, the level of technical efficiency of each professional school is evaluated, using the non-parametric methodology Data Envelope Analysis (DEA-CRS input, DEA-CRS output, DEA-VRS input, DEA-VRS output) initially proposed by Charnes et al. (1978). On the other hand, in the second stage, the determinants of efficiency are analyzed through a truncated Tobit regression analysis. The main results show that the average degree of inefficiency measures 0.65; however, some professional schools register technical efficiency during a given period, which are: Dentistry, nursing, accounting sciences, secondary education, physical education, primary education, initial education, social work, sociology, anthropology, art and mathematical physical sciences. Therefore, for the most part, engineering and biomedical professional schools are inefficient. Inefficiency is determined by the number of classrooms, laboratories, libraries, number of students enrolled, ratio number of students per teacher, number of teachers, number of teachers appointed, ratio of male teachers to female teachers and the number of administrative staff. The named human resource teacher and the number of students per teacher are positively related to efficiency at the 1% level of significance.

The objective of the article is to quantify the effect of the police presence and municipal serenazgo on the criminal acts of theft and robbery at the municipal level. For this, the fixed effects model and the method of Standard Errors Corrected for Panel 2016-2017 were used, with a population of 1,292 municipalities at the Peruvian level. It is evidenced that 12% of people nationwide and 19% in the Puno region, are victims of money, wallet and cell phone theft. In addition, the departments of Lima, Piura, Ica, La Libertad and Lambayeque are those that report the highest cases of robbery and theft. Likewise, the increase in police forces in municipal jurisdictions reduces the rate of robbery and theft crimes by 0.60% at the national level and by 0.68% in the Puno region, and the increase in municipal serenazgo decreases criminal acts by 0.20% and 0.17% in the country and the Puno region. The police presence and municipal serenazgo produce the effect of deterrence and incapacitation, in addition the probability of being captured of the subject increases, then the subject decides not to commit the crime and prefers to carry out legal activities, due to the fact that he can be sentenced.

The agricultural sector plays an important role in the economy of all countries. Agricultural activity in the Piura region is a fundamental activity for its development. The first objective of the study was to identify, estimate and validate the adjusted model to forecast lemon and banana production. The second was to forecast lemon and banana production for the period 2020M10 to 2022M09. To achieve the objectives, the Box and Jenkins methodology was used. The database comes from the Central Reserve Bank of Peru, Piura headquarters, and monthly data between the years 1999M01 and 2020M09 were considered. In the forecasts the presence of structural rupture for banana production was evidenced, in the forecasts of lemon production the presence of seasonality in the series was detected. Once the assumptions are met, the best fitted Box-Jenkins autoregressive integrated moving average model for lemon production is a SARIMA and for banana production it is an ARIMA. The results can be used to make decisions for researchers, producers and entrepreneurs in the agricultural sector of the Piura Region.