Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The food system is a relevant component to sustain the cities, that arises from the interrelationship among stakeholders, infraestructures and natural resources, enabling food production, transformation, storage, distribution, commercialization and consumption, as well as food waste reuse. Thus, the system provides enough accessible and harmless food to the locals. In South America, the Pacific hydrographic region has hosted societies that created food systems that evolved from self-sufficient to open to economic chains. This has an impact on the management of production areas in the territory.  Since pre-Hispanic times, territory-adapted food systems were developed, which were focused on managing several production areas distributed in a group of basins. Nevertheless, the creation of large cities in this region, such as Metropolitan Lima, have resulted in the relocation of production areas out and away from their territory, which allows to differentiate what is local and what is external. Although the metropolis became a strong economic hub that contributes to the development of global and domestic economic chains; population growth and unplanned urbanization have caused soil degradation and the reduction of arable land (supplied to the real estate market), relegating the local metropolitan territory to food trade and consumption. In consequence, the food system is vulnerable to global or domestic crisis scenarios that could interrupt the external production process. This research analyzes the historical transformation of Lima’s food system to reflect on the local territory’s contribution to food security.

This article reviews what happened with the oil spill at La Pampilla refinery and the negative impacts it caused to the coastal marine ecosystem and to artisanal fishermen and residents who live from tourism and local gastronomy in the Ancon district; as well as the strategies implemented by the private sector and by the Peruvian government to date, to manage such negative externalities affecting the environment and said stakeholders. Based on this review, some proposals for action are presented, which will remain for discussion or as contributions, for  remeasurthe damaged ecosystem, and reactivatng artisanal fishing and the local economy in the short, medium and long term in the Ancon district.

Modern society is increasingly aware that innovation and entrepreneurship play a transcendental role in achieving a sustainable economy that ensures the social well-being and employability of young people, hence the importance of promoting them through the university curriculum. For this reason, it is of great interest to determine the impact that universities and their educational models are having on entrepreneur training, since they may not be addressing the necessary skills. In this sense, the current study sought to characterize the entrepreneurial training of academic programs in the humanities at higher education institutions in Mexico that are members of the National Network of Schools and Faculties of Philosophy, Letters, and Humanities, as well as the necessary competencies for graduates to engage in entrepreneurial activity. For the methodological design, we used a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. We carried out a census of the member institutions to analyze the graduation profiles, curricular maps, subject objectives, and foundations of the 239 academic programs corresponding to the 36 member universities under the hypothesis that entrepreneurial training remains absent, which makes entrepreneurship difficult. We found a scarce development of academic competencies that favor the acquisition of knowledge and capacities for the entrepreneurship of its graduates.

The present investigation has as purpose the regional economic analysis that contributes in the diagnosis of the sectorial planning of the State of Mexico. To fulfill this purpose, we sought to determine the level of association between the size of the economic units and a set of representative variables of economic activity. The data mining methodology was used to quantitatively and descriptively apply the Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) methodology. The results suggest that there is a moderate positive association level around 50% in two of its indicators: Pearson's association coefficient is 0.4685 and Mathews's is 0.5303. However, in Cramer's V and Total Inertial indicators, there were weak positive correlations of 0.3062 and 0.2812, respectively. Given this situation, discriminant analysis and variance analysis were proposed as an alternative measure, which showed that microenterprises are more associated with Total Employed Personnel (POT) and Total Gross Production (PBT). For its part, the Gross Census Value Added (VACB) and Income from Supplies of Goods and Services (ISBB) with medium and large companies. Likewise, the Chi-Square test, in addition to verifying that the data is statistically significant at 95%, also supports the hypothesis of an association between the size of the economic units and the Economic Participation variables. The results support that public policies should consider the heterogeneity of the productive plant and its economic participation.

The study of Political Economy, Macroeconomics, and Applied Economics focuses on understanding economic cycles and the management of recurrent crises through theoretical and methodological frameworks of the Austrian School, with a specific focus on Garrison's model of the Macro-economics of capital. The research deepens and systematizes the extensions and applications of the model, making it more sophisticated and useful to illustrate the Austrian theory of the cycle and of capital in specific fields and cases affected by monetary, fiscal, external sector, among other issues.The main objective of the research is to improve the available knowledge on the complex economic phenomena, which can help prevent and better manage economic crises. Additionally, the research aims to encourage dialogue and collaboration between different economic schools, in line with heterodox synthesis, to advance the understanding of these phenomena and the development of effective economic policies. This research offers an important contribution to the field of Austrian theory of the cycle and of capital, as well as to the understanding of macroeconomics and factors that influence economic growth and development. The findings of the study are expected to be useful for the prevention and management of recurrent economic crises, and to encourage dialogue and collaboration between different economic schools, which will help improve the understanding of complex economic phenomena and the development of effective economic policies.

The governments of the countries of the world seek to support the beneficiaries of pension system that are applicable in the unproductive stage of retirement; sometimes this purpose is not achieved, bringing with it reflections on whether a pension system is appropriate. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the pension system of countries of the European Union, the United States and Canada, Brazil and Chile, to compare with the pension scheme of Mexico, the AFORES, and quantify the value of the pension, to make a proposal to improve the individual account system pension.  The time series quantitative model was applied for the prediction of an individual account of a generation 70-74 worker, that contributes on the defined benefit system. The result of the study shows that the pension system does not favour a beneficiary with a pension that guarantees his or her quality of life. The contribution of this work lies on making a proposal with recommendations, consistent with the policies of the pension system of the researched countries, and that can be established in the current system.

The ownership structure is one of the corporate governance mechanisms that can affect the company's agency costs. Besides that, it influences the company performance and maximization of company value. Due to the inconsistencies in the results of research regarding ownership structure on corporate value, this study aims to to determine the effect of institutional, foreign, and individual ownership and corporate value on non-financial issuers in 2016 – 2020. The method used was quantitative research using the correlation method. The data analysis technique used was multiple regression analysis and testing of classical assumptions and hypotheses. Hence, the study results concluded that Institutional Ownership, Foreign Ownership and Individual Ownership have a significant effect on Firm Value.

The health crisis caused by the coronavirus brought with it endless catastrophes in the country's economy, and in the different economic sectors, among them is the transportation sector, which was hit hard during the pandemic. In this article, a general report of the transport companies must be reconciled, detailing which were the main causes that affected urban transport; and the influence it had on the income of these entities during the COVID-19 pandemic, for this purpose the exploratory level was achieved with a qualitative approach, assisted with the analysis of feelings of polarity and subjectivity, supported by the interview with subject matter experts. The results obtained in the council of the report show that the repercussion of the health crisis was negative, indicating a decrease in income, this was supported by the results obtained in the sentiment analysis, the fears reflected in the results obtained are the fear of contagion, both of users and workers, which greatly affects the work and the habitual development of the public transport service; this was one of the main sources of massive contagion. The fear of fines for lack of implementation of the biosafety protocols was also one of the limitations that had a negative impact on the income of carriers, and consequently, income and rent were greatly affected by these events.

This article presents the analysis of indicators of inclusive innovation, on rural entrepreneurs in the Andean highlands of the Tacna region. The objective was to describe perceptions and conditions of inclusive innovation of rural entrepreneurs. There were limitations such as the dispersion of the population in the annexes of the high Andean areas, the users were not in one place, but in the mornings, they stopped in the field and in the afternoons at their homes, which has meant that the time of data collection is 6 months. The sample consisted of 253 people, determined by linguistic saturation, the sample consisted of profiles of people by function or sector of activity supported by the atlas ti program. In-depth semi-structured interviews were carried out with each of the people, these were carried out at home or at the workplace. Permission was requested to record the conversation in its entirety, the reactions, attitudes or gestures of the entrepreneur observed during the interview were incorporated. The perceptions and conditions of inclusive innovation of rural entrepreneurs have resulted in inclusive innovation leading to deepening in the benefits for the inhabitants and the local ecosystem, and the creation of added value that does not neglect nature, does not harm the environment and respects the customs of the Andean peoples.