Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Currently, the excessive increase of plastic waste represents an environmental problem, which, due to its low biodegradability, pollutes ecosystems and accelerates global warming. On the other hand, the planet's economy revolves around fossil fuels; however, to obtain this type of fuels, a series of processes must be carried out that lead to environmental deterioration, such as production areas in which soil, air and water are polluted. With this background, the objective of this research work is to obtain fuels from recycled plastic material of high density polyethylene (HDPE), as a mechanism to reduce the levels of volumetric contamination of plastic waste in the environment, leading to a new alternative for obtaining fuels by determining each of the compounds of the pyrolysis process. Therefore, in this experimental research work, the method of obtaining fuels from high density polyethylene (HDPE) was analyzed, using a thermal reaction called pyrolysis for a period of 2 hours. The process consisted of breaking the molecular structure of the plastic compound under temperature conditions at 380 ºC and constant pressure in the absence of oxygen, giving way to lighter compounds known as hydrocarbons, obtaining favorable results such as a yield of 45.565%, gasoline percentages of 7.315%, kerosene 32.901% and diesel 20.126%. Keywords: Fuels, environment, pyrolysis, high density polyethylene, plastic.

The population growth promoted increases in agricultural production. This is associated with the use of synthetic pesticides that aim to protect crops and increase production volume. Synthetic crop protection chemicals include carbamates, which are pesticides derived from N-methyl or dimethyl carbamic acids, with oxide reducing properties and include nematicides, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. These are pesticides with a medium acute toxicity. However, in this family, there are compounds that are highly toxic. As a consequence of the indiscriminate use of pesticides, currently residues of these substances are found in water bodies and represent a potential risk to human and animal health, as well as to the environment. Several methods of carbamate removal have been developed, such as: oxidation, adsorption, biodegradation with microorganisms and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The objective of this work is to analyze the methods that are proposed for the treatment of aqueous matrices with the presence of carbamates, through the evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of each one in terms of the efficiency of pesticide removal. Keywords: Carbamates, oxidation, adsorption, biodegradation with microorganisms, advanced oxidation processes.

Pollution caused by colorants grows as the industry does too. In recent years, research has focused its objectives on minimizing this contamination, but without being totally successful, which is why there are many types of treatments that seek to mitigate said contamination. In the present work, five strains of Pleurotus djamor (Pd318, Pd319, Pd320, Pd321 and Pd322) were evaluated in order to determine which of them can be used on an industrial scale. Tests were carried out to evaluate the colonization rate and the degradation rate of the food dyes Yellow 5 (A5), pharmacological Red 40 (R40) and textile Blue 19 (A19). It was observed that there is no inhibition of the growth of the strains by the presence of the dye. The Pd322 strain presented the highest halo formation rate (ABTS) 0.93 cm dia-1, and a degradative capacity per day of the dyes A19, R40 and A5 of 51%, 36% and 8% respectively. The experimental tests allowed to conclude that the Pd322 strain can be used in industrial processes for the degradation of synthetic dyes. Keywords: Synthetic dyes, Pleurotus djamor, degradation, Laccase.

The inadequate recovery of cash generates economic losses that are reflected in the financial statements, representing a margin of insecurity for the normal operations of any business. The objective of the study is to analyze the incidence of the administration of working capital in companies in the fishing sector, in order to reduce errors in the administrative processes of this area and effectively manage their assets and liabilities in the short term. A systematic documentary analysis methodology was applied that took secondary research sources as a reference, through search equations in the network. As a result, it was determined that working capital is a financial instrument that must be managed in an appropriate and timely manner, since it determines the survival of any company. Keywords: Administration, working capital, profitability.

Currently, the Army contemplates within its administration the fiscal lands, a territorial distribution from Putre to Antarctica, according to a specific mission and an organization focused on both the Land Force and the Generating Force. It is in this context that, through the application of Geomatics tools, the objective is to develop a methodology for surveying land use in the Chilean Army. For which the procedure will be designed and the use of land in the Campo Militar la Reina (CMLR) will be determined as a study area, through the use of images from different open sources. In general terms, it intends to apply a methodology based on the gathering ofrequirements by the Stakeholders (Headquarters of Properties and the Department of Infrastructure of theEducation and Doctrine Command), with the purpose of establishing a geospatial database for the use of land, specifically for the different fiscal lands existing in the Chilean Army. Taking into consideration the preceding background, 05 (five) images from different open sources were evaluated, with the purpose of selecting the most appropriate image, by establishing different factors, which served as parameters to make the selection, among them its color and grayscale histograms, spatial resolution, and temporality. Subsequently, the elementswere vectorized, these being housed in a geospatial database, obtaining the relevant and important information for decision making.Key words: land use, geospatial database, methodology, images.

Most of the glaciers in Chile have experienced strong retreats and surface reductions from historical times to the present in response to global climate changes (1). Climate change is not the only factor, given that both the Anthropic intervention and/or natural factors may contribute to accelerating glacial shrinkage. Studies and measurements carried out by researchers have revealed that the Andean glaciers of the central zone are increasingly vulnerable to processes of mass loss and fragmentation as a result of the darkening of the ice and its effect on the absorption of solar radiation, a phenomenon known as the albedo effect. Not only are they losing surface, but they are also thinning up to two meters per year, a figure that is no less, since a large part of the glaciers in the central zone, and in particular in the Metropolitan Region, are no more than a few tens of meters Tall. Having knowledge of the variation of the glacial area is essential for the decision-making process in the management and conservation of solid water reserves and thus face potential water crises in the region over time. Through remote sensing techniques and the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the aim is to determine the variation in area and volume that the Olivares Alfa, Beta, Gamma and Juncal Sur glaciers have experienced and at the same time calculate the current speed of movement Juncal Sur Glacier.

The modernization of Chile’s Army is a process that has taken place organically throughout the years, however, there exist events that have accelerated said process. As a result of the War of the Pacific, the need for the acceleration of the modernization process was stated, and to that end, the hiring of the prussian instructor Emil Körner was carried out after the war. The instructor’s vision led to a series of reforms and reorganization that brought the Army closer to the prussian model of organization and instruction, and pushed it to professionalization. Körner was one of the key players in the adoption of the prussian model in Chile’s Army under the so-called prussianization process, one that meant a constant looking towards Germany as a source of inspiration. The effects of prussianization lasted for a long time, and even though they impacted a wide range of areas, ones that prove interesting to analyze are the ones from the academic and instructional levels. As such, the present analysis carries out a general review to later focus on academic reforms and how they made way to the creation of the Military Geographic Institute, and how it evolved with the passage of time.

Latin America and the Caribbean is the second most natural disaster-prone region in the world. Several South American countries have witnessed natural and man-made threats, emergencies and disasters. In recent years there have been devastating fires, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, volcanic eruptions, droughts, landslides, landslides and alluviums. Spatial information and its products, obtained from remote sensors, are key tools that facilitate the development of different applications for disaster risk management. This article provides a look at free access to space information and its applications, emphasizing disaster risk reduction, through global cooperation, through organizations, space agencies and institutions. Keywords: Geospatial Data. Remote sensing. Geographic information systems. emergencies. Risk. Reduction.

In this work, a two-source decoupling model called "STSEB" (Simplified Two-Source Energy Balance) is applied, whose purpose, through local information on air temperature, meteorology, topography, as well as additional data in situ, is to calculate the crop evapotranspiration through multispectral and thermal images obtained from a drone.The foregoing, with the purpose of classifying the priority irrigation areas of a plot of almond trees and being able to compare the results with the current planning of water treatments obtained by means of precision agriculture instruments. At the end of the work, it was possible to determine that there is an accuracy of 75% between the irrigation treatment plan of the administrators of the plot and the one obtained through the application of remotesensing techniques.

It is not our purpose to recount Hegel's work in his Lessons in World History; on the contrary, we want to grasp the concept of the development of history from the action (tat) of the spirit, insofar as history, Hegel says, is "the substance of the spirit". And he develops this theme both in the Encyclopaedia and in the Phenomenology of Spirit, as well as in the Lessons on the Philosophy of Religion (especially in 1828) and in his Philosophy of Right.  If history is conceived only through the action of the spirit that becomes movement and becomes freedom and rationality. In such a way that it can be said that reason directs history. But if he describes history as divine, it is because in it reason is historicised and loses its abstract condition. For in history, Hegel says, the spirit is at home. This process of movement must be understood as spiritual substance and the absolute end in the world, hence it is not possible to speak of an end to history. Absolute knowledge does not imply a closure to the infinite process of an unfolding through finite determinations. The importance of ethicity and the philosophy of law must be underlined, for the state as an ethical substance does not cancel out the rights of the subjects that evolve through history. The subjects themselves and the states can be considered as forms of objectification of the spirit in its movement. Absolute knowledge cannot therefore be understood either as a closure of history or as an overcoming of the figures it produces in its movement. Rather, it is what Hegel holds to be the Theodicy of history. And in it, religion already manifests the assumption of negativity and the overcoming of the death of God by the spirit in the community. Now, the community reaches its highest expression in the state, Hegel's claim is not to exalt the state, but he takes into account that citizens are subjects of law within the state.