Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The coronavirus disease SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020; it is an infectious pathology that can have serious clinical manifestations such as bilateral pneumonia and respiratory failure that warrant hospital admission. The COVID-19 outbreak has caused a global blockade scenario, affecting negatively all economic sectors, including agricultural production in rural areas of Latin America, where reports indicate that poor people are suffering disproportionately from the crisis economic and health caused by the virus. The vulnerability of the agri-food sector reflects, in many cases, its inability to face adverse situations, conditioning the population's access to sufficient, nutritious, and healthy food. According to official data, about a third of the world population has been blocked since the WHO announcement, compromising the interactions between food production, processing, distribution, and consumption, activating food and nutrition security alerts (FNS). In Venezuela, the price of the basic basket is at exorbitant levels, besides, the quality of perishable products such as meat, milk, and vegetables is affected due to the shortage of fuel and security controls, which make transport to markets difficult. Creating a state of food insecurity that has progressively worsened in recent years. To understand this situation, the general objective was to describe and highlight the levels of complexity inherent to agricultural systems in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, through theoretical experiences on the design of strategies to expand emergency programs for food assistance and immediate aid to agricultural production as a guarantor of FNS.

Objective: Compare happiness during COVID-19 according to sex, age ranges, country of residence and type of isolation using the subjective happiness instruments of Lyubomirsky and Lepper (1999) and the Scale of Satisfaction with Life of Diener, Emmons, Larsen and Griffin (1985). Methodology: quantitative approach, type of comparative research, non-experimental design. 335 responses were collected through a web survey with Google Forms, with the consent of the participants, applied between June and August 2020. Results: 67.8% female and 32.2% male, age 27.5 ± 11,89 years, satisfaction with life, according to Diener et al. (1985), indicate that on average values between 4-5 on the scale, the subjective happiness of Lyubomirsky and Lepper (1999), show average results ranging from 5.13 to 5.31. It was determined that sex is the only influential variable on subjective happiness (p = 0.001) and life satisfaction (p = 0.012), the female sex in both instruments presented greater happiness. Conclusions: satisfaction with life and subjective happiness, showed average happiness, there was no relationship in the types of isolation indicated, nor in the age ranges, nor in the place of residence of the people in the sample in relation to the levels of happiness described. However, the sex variable showed a statistically significant relationship to represent that women tend to be happier than men.

Regarding the expression "essential heterogeneity of being", by the poet Antonio Machado, cited by Octavio Paz, in this text, the prosaic and the poetic as essentialities of Being are analyzed from the essay genre, their imprint on the human path, as well as its incidence in our lives by constituting part and all of the same planetary destiny. It is elucidated, in addition, around the presence of poetry as a portent in our lives, the prose/poetry complementarity, which means to educate poetically, as well as the reencounter with lost paths, which makes us recognize the need to look at what has been done, and the search for paths that make a true life possible. Hope and despair, happiness and unhappiness sway in us, and in their isochronous movement they open spaces of light, but also of shadows.

In the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the ophthalmology consultation is one of the medical practices that have a high percentage of contagion due to the proximity of the ophthalmologist, optometrist, nurses and assistants with the patient. Objective: to compile the recommended guidelines in the ophthalmology consultation, seeking to minimize the risks during this pandemic. Methodology: A narrative review of the scientific literature was carried out in databases and search engines such as: Pubmed, Elsevier, Revencyt, Scielo, Google and Google Scholar. The methodology used consisted of the systematic review of the most relevant publications and existing protocols to date, this included those emanating from the organizations in charge of health worldwide such as the World Health Organization (WHO), archives of the Spanish Society of Ophthalmology , Pan American Society of Ophthalmology (PAAO), American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO). Once the collected information had been reviewed and analyzed, the recommendations were extracted organizing the norms or guidelines to follow for the assessment of patients during the COVID 19 pandemic by SARS-CoV-2, relating them to the assessment of ophthalmological patients before the COVID 19 pandemic. Conclusion: due to the global health emergency situation, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to use these norms or guidelines established worldwide and compiled from recent publications, to avoid unwanted infections during consultations, and from this way, work safely in the ophthalmological field.

This is a case of a 6-year-old female preschool from the city of Mérida, Venezuela, who presents selective mutism, as a symptom associated with her emotional adaptive reaction given to the migration of her father and is exacerbated in the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, presenting changes in daily behavior both at home and in the school, social and family environment. The proposed objective is to present in a systematic and methodological way the entire process of care of a clinical case, with a psychiatric medical approach both individual (drawing and game therapy) and familiar (family psychotherapy). Diagnostic and intervention interviews were conducted in person (at the beginning) and later online (quarantine), applying psychological techniques of game and drawing therapy and family. Concluding the process by achieving the proposed psychotherapeutic objectives, such as recovering the behavior prior to the mutism, providing emotional support, to the girl and the family, so that she could confront in the best way the triggers such as the separation from her father and quarantine for COVID-19.

La actual pandemia COVID-19, causada por SARS-CoV-2, se está propagando a un ritmo acelerado. Las embarazadas y sus fetos representan una población de alto riesgo debido a los cambios fisiológicos y mecánicos en el embarazo. Existe poca evidencia del compromiso materno fetal, y de transmisión vertical. El equipo de salud encargado de atender a la mujer durante su etapa prenatal, natal y postnatal debe estar al tanto de esta infección y su manejo.  Se realizó una revisión sistemática de las publicaciones de mayor relevancia, de países que ya han presentado esta enfermedad y protocolos de organismos mundialmente facultados. Una de las principales fortalezas de la atención prenatal es su insistencia en la prevención y el diagnóstico oportuno. Las medidas de distanciamiento social, y/o cuarentena, hacen imperativo tomar decisiones sobre: cuándo y cómo realizar el control prenatal en tiempo de pandemia, y cómo es el manejo de la paciente embarazada COVID-19+, durante el tercer trimestre, trabajo de parto, parto, y puerperio; garantizando siempre, el bienestar materno fetal y del personal de  salud. Se concluye que estamos ante un desafío único, que exigen un enfoque multidisciplinario. La evolución de este nuevo agente infeccioso es totalmente impredecible, falta mucho por conocer, las investigaciones futuras arrojarán luces sobre el comportamiento clínico del SARSCoV-2 en las diferentes etapas del embarazo, complicaciones, además de la posibilidad de transmisión vertical. Se recomienda  la atención obstétrica y perinatal de pacientes gestantes en nuestro medio, de una manera consensuada, uniforme y basada en la evidencia científica actual.The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is spreading at an accelerated rate. Pregnant women and their fetuses represent a high-risk population due to the physiological and mechanical changes in pregnancy. There is little evidence of fetal maternal engagement and vertical transmission. The health team responsible of caring woman during her prenatal, natal and postnatal stage should be aware of this infection and its management. A systematic review of the most relevant publications was made from countries that have already suffered from this disease and protocols from globally empowered agencies. One of the main strengths of prenatal care is its insistence on prevention and timely diagnosis. Social distancing measures, and/or quarantine, make it imperative to make decisions about: when and how to perform prenatal monitoring at pandemic time, and what the management of the pregnant patient COVID-19+ is like, during the third trimester, labor, delivery, and postpartum; always ensuring maternal fetal and health personnel well-being. It concludes that we are facing a unique challenge, which require a multidisciplinary approach.  The evolution of this new infectious agent is totally unpredictable, there is much to learn, and future research will shed light on the clinical behavior of SARSCoV-2 at different stages of pregnancy, complications, in addition to the possibility of vertical transmission. Obstetric and perinatal care of pregnant patients in our environment is recommended, in a consensual, uniform manner based on current scientific evidence.