Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

En el clasicismo, la manera de hacer arquitectura seguía parámetros establecidos, contraponiéndose con la modernidad, que a raíz de los nuevos materiales y a las nuevas necesidades a causa de la industrialización, buscaba nuevas maneras de organizar forma. De esta manera se generaron cambios en los criterios formales, dando como resultado que la arquitectura moderna deje de lado la utilización de reglas fijas tal como ocurrió en el clasicismo. Términos como orden arquitectónico, tipo clasicista, modelo, entre otros, han sido empleados a lo largo de la historia para analizar una obra arquitectónica y han contribuido a determinar criterios para su análisis y estudio; sin embargo, deberían estar exentos en la investigación de edificios modernos en general, ya que la modernidad, al tener nuevos esquemas que daban respuesta a nuevas necesidades, no podía encajarse en el concepto de tipología (Piñon, 2007). El tipo en el clasicismo era una manera de clasificar los edificios por la función. En la modernidad la clasificación de los tipos desde la función no es correcta, en su lugar, procuraba una clasificación de los edificios por la forma (estructura de orden interna del edificio). Para poder llegar a identificar valores formales en la Arquitectura Moderna ecuatoriana, es necesario entender que estos valores deben aspirar a ser universales, con criterios de forma y basados en la experiencia. En este sentido, una herramienta en este proceso podría ser la noción del arquetipo, noción que debe ser validada en la construcción de la forma, siendo la forma el resultado de relacionar el lugar, el programa arquitectónico y la construcción tal como sugiere (Gastón Guirao & Rovira Llobera, 2007). Entendiendo al arquetipo como un episodio de forma o la forma del tipo más allá de su función y construcción, su finalidad no es pretender reconocer el orden interno de un proyecto en particular, sino identificar valores comparativos en la construcción de forma en varias obras, diferenciando claramente que se deben reconocer relaciones, mas no identificar rasgos estilísticos e impositivos. Una vez comprendida esta noción, esta investigación se centrará en dar herramientas para reconocer e identificar arquetipos o episodios de forma en la Arquitectura Moderna a través del análisis de los edificios académicos realizados por el arquitecto quiteño Mario Arias Salazar. Palabras clave: Arquetipo, valores formales, arquitectura. AbstractIn classicism, the way of making architecture followed established parameters, in contrast to modernity, which, as a result of new materials and new needs due to industrialization, sought new ways of organizing form. In this way, changes were generated in the formal criteria, resulting in modern architecture leaving aside the use of fixed rules as occurred in classicism. Terms such as architectural order, classicist type, model, among others, have been used throughout history to analyze an architectural work and have contributed to determining criteria for its analysis and study; however, they should be exempted in the investigation of modern buildings in general, since modernity, having new schemes that responded to new needs, could not fit into the concept of typology (Piñon, 2007). The type in classicism was a way of classifying buildings by function. In modern times, the classification of types from the function is not correct, instead, it sought classification of buildings by form (internal structure of the building). In order to identify formal values in Ecuadorian Modern Architecture, it is necessary to understand that these values should aspire to be universal, with criteria of form and based on experience. In this sense, a tool in this process could be the notion of the archetype, a notion that must be validated in the construction of the form, the form being the result of relating the place, the architectural program, and the construction as suggested (Gastón Guirao & Rovira Llobera, 2007). Understanding the archetype as an episode of form or the form of the type beyond its function and construction, its purpose is not to pretend to recognize the internal order of a particular project, but to identify comparative values in the construction of form in various works, differentiating clearly that relationships must be recognized, but not identifying stylistic and imposing features. Once this notion is understood, this research will focus on providing tools to recognize and identify archetypes or episodes of form in Modern Architecture through the analysis of academic buildings carried out by Quito’s architect Mario Arias Salazar. Keywords: Archetype, formal values, architecture.

El proyecto de investigación indaga sobre los distintos mecanismos y operaciones formales realizados por uno de los pioneros de la arquitectura moderna en el Ecuador, el arquitecto uruguayo Gilberto Gatto Sobral, para el diseño del Campus de la Universidad Central del Ecuador y sus dos primeras edificaciones que se diseñaron y realizaron entre los años 1945– 1955 en Quito – Ecuador. La investigación describe, en primera instancia, la trayectoria del arquitecto Gilberto Gatto Sobral a través de una revisión pormenorizada de sus obras, su instrucción académica y profesional y sus influencias. A la par y con el propósito de entender los componentes utilizados en sus obras y obtener criterios generales de diseño a nivel urbano y arquitectónico, se revisa a referentes franceses y profesores uruguayos de la época que marcaron significativamente su pensamiento, además del concepto de Ciudad Jardín y la contribución en la arquitectura moderna internacional de la Bauhaus. Entendidos estos criterios, a continuación, para la profundización y respectivo entendimiento de los mecanismos utilizados en el campus y las edificaciones universitarias desarrolladas por el autor, se toma como base teórica tres conceptos claves utilizados en una solución arquitectónica: el sitio, el programa y la técnica. Estos sirven como base para la reconstrucción y análisis del plan general de la Ciudad Universitaria y las edificaciones a ser estudiadas: el Pabellón Central Administrativo y la Facultad de Jurisprudencia y Ciencias Sociales. Como resultados del estudio, se logra identificar los criterios de diseño que el arquitecto aplicará en sus futuros proyectos a nivel urbano y arquitectónico, y se logra además poner en valor los proyectos de arquitectura moderna en el país. Palabras clave: Arquitectura moderna, valores arquitectónicos, Gilberto Gatto Sobral, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Pabellón Central Administrativo, Facultad de Jurisprudencia.AbstractThe research project investigates the different mechanisms and formal operations carried out by one of the pioneers of modern architecture in Ecuador, the Uruguayan architect Gilberto Gatto Sobral, for the design of the Campus of the Central University of Ecuador and its first two buildings that were designed and built between the years 19451955 in Quito - Ecuador. The research describes, in the first instance, the trajectory of the architect Gilberto Gatto Sobral through a detailed review of his works, his academic and professional instruction, and his influences. At the same time, and with the purpose of understanding the components used in his works and obtaining general design criteria at an urban and architectural level, French references and Uruguayan professors of the time are reviewed who significantly marked his thinking, in addition to the concept of Garden City and the contribution in the international modern architecture of the Bauhaus. Having understood these criteria, and to have a deeper understanding of the mechanisms used on the campus and the university buildings developed by the author, three key concepts used in an architectural solution are taken as a theoretical basis: the site, the program, and the technique. These serve as the basis for the reconstruction and analysis of the general plan of the University City and the buildings to be studied: The Central Administrative Pavilion and the Faculty of Jurisprudence and Social Sciences. As a result of the study, it is possible to identify the design criteria that the architect will apply in his future projects at an urban and architectural level, and it is also possible to give value to the modern architecture projects in the country. Keywords: Modern architecture, architectural values, Gilberto Gatto Sobral, University City, Central University of Ecuador, Central Administrative Pavilion, Faculty of Jurisprudence.

Ante la necesidad de contar con criterios de orden que otorguen identidad a la arquitectura, y ante la evidente identidad que posee la arquitectura vernácula, considerando la relación de aproximadamente 3600 años entre humano y entorno, inicia la búsqueda de los criterios de orden de esta arquitectura. Al comprobar que sus criterios provienen del lugar, resulta que la universalidad de la naturaleza está presente en su forma. Mediante el análisis de las similitudes entre la arquitectura vernácula y la arquitectura moderna, se identifica la universalidad de los criterios compartidos. Tanto la arquitectura moderna como la vernácula descubren la forma arquitectónica solo al final de un proceso riguroso, en el que la estrategia estructural es resuelta simultáneamente con el programa y las particularidades del lugar, mediante una serie de decisiones tomadas con autenticidad y solvencia, dan como resultado una forma arquitectónica coherente con el entorno natural y cultural, teniendo como protagonista al ser humano. En este sentido, partiendo de los resultados de la investigación, en la cual, se comprobó que el orden formal de la arquitectura vernácula depende de los factores constantes que el lugar posee, este artículo sintetiza los resultados encontrados para analizarlos desde las similitudes teóricas respecto a la relación entre arquitectura moderna y lugar presente en la obra de Mies van der Rohe. Una vez encontradas las similitudes más evidentes se procede a identificar la universalidad en sus estrategias, de esta manera se obtienen criterios de orden que al ser aplicados otorgan identidad a los proyectos arquitectónicos contemporáneos. Palabras clave: Arquitectura, vernáculo, forma, modernidad, lugar, entorno, identidad. AbstractGiven the need to have order principles that give identity to architecture, and faced with the evident identity that vernacular architecture has, considering the relationship of approximately 3600 years between humans and the environment, the search for order principles for this architecture begins. By confirming that its criteria come from the place, it turns out that the universality of nature is present in its form. Through the analysis of the similarities between vernacular architecture and modern architecture, the universality of the shared criteria is identified. Both, modern and vernacular architecture, discover the architectural form only at the end of a rigorous process, in which the structural strategy is resolved simultaneously with the program and the particularities of the site, through a series of decisions taken with authenticity and solvency, resulting in an architectural form consistent with the natural and cultural environment, with the human being as the protagonist. In this sense, starting from the results of the investigation, in which it was proved that the formal order of the vernacular architecture depends on the constant factors that the place has, this article synthesizes the results found and analyzes them by taking into account the theoretical similarities between modern architecture and the place present in Mies van der Rohe's work. Once the most evident similarities are found, the universality in their strategies is identified; in this way, order criteria are obtained, that when applied, give identity to contemporary architectural projects. Keywords: Architecture, vernacular, form, modernity, place, environment, identity.

El estudio analiza criterios urbanísticos y arquitectónicos inmateriales del plan urbano moderno de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador, desarrollado en 1947 por el arquitecto uruguayo Gilberto Gatto Sobral. El trabajo comprende tres momentos: 1) Investigación descriptiva de la influencia que tuvo el arquitecto para desarrollar el plan regulador de Cuenca. 2) Revisión de casos de estudio de los planes normativos y urbanísticos que se han desarrollado a nivel nacional e internacional, y 3) Investigación exploratoria donde se toma como punto de partida el plan del arquitecto Gatto Sobral en Cuenca, para realizar una serie de hipótesis sobre la proporción, la escala y la traza reguladora. El estudio concluye con criterios de forma urbana y arquitectónica a través de tres ideas principales: El módulo como entidad delimitante original (criterio clásico como la proporción). La valoración esencial del proceso histórico (huella original como medio de crecimiento urbano), y la condición de la forma urbana de la Cuenca de 1947. Resultados que pretenden aportar a la ciudad, y poner en valor histórico a la cultura de la modernidad. Palabras clave: Criterios urbanos y arquitectónicos, inmaterial, valor patrimonial, plan urbano moderno. AbstractThe study analyzes immaterial urban and architectural criteria of the modern urban plan of the city of Cuenca, Ecuador, developed in 1947 by the Uruguayan architect Gilberto Gatto Sobral. The work comprises three moments: 1) Descriptive investigation of the influence that the architect Gatto Sobral had to develop Cuenca's regulatory plan. 2) Review of case studies of the regulatory plans and urban plans that have been developed at the national and international level, and 3) Exploratory research where the plan of the architect Gatto Sobral in Cuenca is taken as a starting point, to make a series of hypotheses about the proportion, the scale, and the regulatory trace. The study concludes with criteria of urban and architectural form through three main ideas: the module as an original delimiting entity (the classic criterion like proportion), the essential assessment of the historical process (original trace as a means of urban growth), and the condition of the urban form of Cuenca from 1947. The results intend to contribute to the city and to give historical value to modern culture. Keywords: Urban and architectural criteria, immaterial, heritage value, modern urban plan.

The analysis strategies that model spatial dependence, in the form of covariance analysis, have been suggested in plant breeding, in order to exert greater local control and to increase experimental precision. This study aimed to evaluate the degree of spatial dependence of errors in productivity experiments to evaluate common bean families, to compare the experimental precision of the methods of spatial analysis, moving average and Papadakis, identify the most suitable neighboring plots for the calculation of the environmental index, besides proposing and evaluating changes in the application of these methods of spatial analysis. Data of grain yield of common bean families of the winter season 2006/2007 and drought season 2007/2008 were used. In these experiments, the number of families evaluated ranged from 25 to 400, characterizing the 5 × 5 to 20 × 20 square lattice. The moving averages and Papadakis methods, combined with the randomized block design, ensure spatial independence of the errors and presented experimental precision similar to that of the lattice analysis. For the calculation of the environmental index, the highest experimental precision was obtained from the use of two neighboring plots, one upper and one lower than the reference plot. The proposed modification in the application of the methods of spatial analysis provided greater experimental precision in relation to the lattice analysis, especially in experiments with moderate spatial dependence and using the reapplication of the Papadakis method.

The multivariate analyses application and genetic divergence quantification can provide parameters that aid the selection of superior rootstocks. The objective of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of using the genetic diversity of the genus Prunus as a clonal rootstock of the peach cultivar ‘BRS-Libra’. The experimental orchard used was part of a national network for evaluation of rootstocks for prunaceous trees, under the general coordination of Embrapa Clima Temperado. The design was randomized and data were collected during the 2016/2017 production cycle. Physical analyses (trunk section area, average fruit mass), chemical analysis (soluble solids), and quantification of estimated productivity of the plants were performed. The data were subjected to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test at a 5% probability level, after which the grouping of the rootstocks was performed using the Unweighted Pair Group Method Using an Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) hierarchical method. The grouping resulted in the formation of five groups. The cultivars of group I, Mirabolano 29C and Marianna 2624, showed graft incompatibility with the evaluated cultivar scion. Similarly, cultivars of group II showed characteristic symptoms of graft incompatibility, resulting in poor development. Group III and IV were composed of cultivars that showed low and medium vigor, with good characteristics for use in orchards with high density, while the cultivars of the group V stood out because they showed high vigor, recommended for orchards with low density. The use of various rootstocks influenced the behavior, vigor and fruit production of the BRS Libra cultivar, with genetic divergence.

Comprehending impacts of soil management and use on its physical attributes is essential to develop sustainable agricultural systems. This study evaluated the behavior of soil physical properties under different types of use and management in “Caparaó Capixaba” territory, state of Espírito Santo. This study was performed in eight different agroecosystems: Molasses grass pasture (PCG); Signalgrass pasture (PBR); Arabic coffee plantation (CA1 and CA2); Horticulture (HOR); Citrus culture (FRU); Eucalyptus forest (EUC) and Native vegetation (VEN). Gravimetric moisture (GM), bulk density (Bd), particle density (Pd), total porosity (Tp) and soil penetration resistance (PR) were evaluated at 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–40 cm depths. The highest GM was found in HOR and VEN. The highest Bd were found in the CA2, PCG and FRU management system. At a surface depth (0–10 cm), PBR presented the lowest PT value, statistically equal to CA2 and FRU. The highest values of RP were observed in PBR at all evaluated depths (5.28, 8.32 and 10.68 Mpa). CA1 and CA2 were similar in RP, even when in different places. PCG, PBR, FRU e EUC showed RP higher than 4.0 MPa, which is beyond the critical limit for root system growth. The results indicate that different soil management approaches for the existing crops and vegetation in the agroecosystems can cause significant changes in soil physical attributes.

This study analyzes the use and cover land as well as the potential use of natural regeneration for forest restoration in the Apeú River Basin (BHRA), located in the Bragantina region in Pará, the oldest colonization region of the Amazon. Remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques were used for the mapping and classification of the Landsat-8 satellite image of the year 2017. Data treatment and analysis, preparation and editing of the use and coverage map were performed using ArcGis version 10.1. Areas with natural regeneration represent more than 18%, considering dirty pasture and secondary vegetation, and are considered areas under the process of succession. Little over 20% of the areas used for agricultural use and 20% of areas with exposed soil were found, which is due to increasing urbanization. The BHRA analysis shows that conserved and degraded primary forests dominate 47% of the basin territory. Thus, the percentage of secondary vegetation and dirty pasture indicates that the region has average potential for natural regeneration for restoration purposes.

The combination of mineral and organic fertilizers has been recommended as an alternative management, especially when the applied organic material has a high carbon: nitrogen ratio (C/N). The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and physiological aspects of cotton under doses of castor bean cake and peel associated with soluble nitrogen sources.  Adopted a randomized closed block design with 24 treatments and 3 repetitions. The treatments consisted of four doses of castor cake (0 – 0,8 – 1,6 e 2,4 t ha-1) and four doses of castor fruit peel (0 – 0,8 – 1,6 e 2,4 t ha-1), supplemented with three levels of soluble N at a dose of 120 kg h-1 (ausent, urea and ammonium sulfate). At 90 days were quantified: plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, dry mass (air, root and mulch), chlorophyll content, flavanoids, anthocyanin, nitrogen balance index and membrane disruption. It was observed that ammonium sulfate was a viable alternative when combined with castor cake in relation to urea. The best results for height and chlorophyll contente  were obtained with the application of 1,6 t ha-1 of castor bean hulls associated with ammonium sulfate. The use of castor bean cake and peel associated with urea and ammonium sulfate did not influence the stem diameter, flavanoid, anthocyanin content and nitrogen balance index. The use of 0.8 t ha-1 of urea castor bean cake promoted the largest electrolyte leakage and lower plasma membrane instability.

With the application of agroforestry techniques, the productivity of agricultural establishments and forest plantations of various dimensions can stabilize, avoiding soil degradation or loss of productivity, over the years. The edaphoclimatic factors, such as light, temperature and humidity in the soil, also influence the maintenance of production and agroforestry systems (SAFs) as they constitute an important strategy to guarantee greater stability of these conditions. The objective of this work was to evaluate soil physical and chemical properties in different agroforestry systems, considering the seasonality (dry and rainy period) and the effect of management in these areas. The study was carried out in three different agroforestry systems, all located in the municipality of Belterra (PA), through chemical and physical evaluation, soil luminosity and temperature in relation to climatic variables. The nutrients showed, for most of the year, low levels in the soil (0-20 cm deep) and in all SAFs the nutrient cycling still does not provide the necessary amount of nutrients to maintain the production needs of the crops. Most of the nutrients presented low soil content (0-20 cm depth) of SAFs, with SAF 1 having the highest percentages of clay (24.0%) and SAF 3 with the highest amount of sand (89.5%), soil density values determined were below the critical limits for vegetation. Soil moisture, in May, was observed in systems with higher clay contents. And the edaphic conditions are strongly influenced by the handling of the SAFs and by the composition and arrangement of the inserted species.