Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Objective: To elaborate a functional beverage based on milk, kiwicha extract and carrot. Methodology: the study was divided into two stages: a) Determination of the optimal parameters for obtaining Kiwicha extract with the Taguchi L9 method (9 treatments) and b) determination of the optimal percentages of semi-skimmed milk, kiwicha extract and carrot extract; a design of experiment with D-optimal mixture generated by the statistical package Design Expert 13 was used. Results: The parameters to maximize for obtaining the kiwicha extract were: Kiwicha: Water ratio: 1:6; Immersion time: 8 hours; Temperature and cooking time: 85°C for 10 minutes. The base mixture calculated was: 47.90% semi-skimmed milk, 36.61% kiwicha extract and 15.48% carrot extract. With these ingredients, a beverage with 2.87% protein and 738.17 µg of β-carotene / 100 g of sample was obtained and the optimization of color, odor, flavor and consistency characterization was achieved. Conclusion: The functional beverage based on milk, kiwicha and carrot extract presented attractive sensory characteristics and recommended for consumption.

Objective: To determine the presence of heavy metals and soil fertility at the Pampa las Salinas dump, Huacho, located at km 144 of the Panamericana Norte. Methodology: The soil sampling plan procedure was carried out based on the Guide for Soil Sampling established in the framework of Supreme Decree N°002-2013-MINAM (MINAM, 2014). For this purpose, an area of potential interest of 3 ha of the area of influence of 74.72 ha affected by solid waste was determined. With the sampling plan carried out, soil samples were taken from nine selected points, forming the composite sample, from which 1 kg was extracted to be taken to the soil analysis laboratory of the Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina. Cd and Pb contents and chemical parameters were evaluated. Results: Cd and Pb contents were within the environmental quality standard, not reaching contaminant levels. With respect to the chemical parameters, the soil is saline with levels of 22.90 dS/m, and presents high concentrations of M.O., P and K. Conclusion: It is concluded that the soil presents low levels of lead and cadmium concentration, not reaching contamination levels; and on the other hand, it presents high levels of M.O., P and K, usable for agriculture.

Objective: To know the community of spiders (Araneae) associated with Ixora coccinea in Chiriquí, Panama. Methodology: Seven locations of the Chiriquí Province were visited, from the Districts of David, Boquerón, Bugaba and Barú; in a 60 km transect. Random monitoring was carried out in Ixora coccinea plants, resulting in a total of 215 m of living fence. The spiders were observed, photographed and identified through specialized literature. Additionally, a correlation analysis was performed between the length of the living fence and the numbers of species and spiders found during the study; in addition to calculating the Simpson diversity index. Results: In Coquito, a total of four spiders’ species were found, represented by 21 specimens of Micrathena sexpinosa (Hann, 1822) (Araneidae), seven of Leucauge venusta (Walkenaer, 1841) (Tetragnathidae), two of Salticidae and one specimen of Argiope argentata (Fabricius, 1775) (Araneidae). In David, eight specimens of Leucauge venusta and two of Gasteracantha cancriformis (L., 1758) (Araneidae) were observed. Leucauge venusta was the species found in five of the seven study locations, but Argiope argentata was the species found on the frontier with Costa Rica. No correlation was found between the length of the living fence and the number of spider species or specimens found. According to the Simpson index, the highest relative diversity was found in the Tijeras-Boquerón (1,00); while in Terronal-David, Santo Domingo-Bugaba and Paso Canoas-Barú, no diversity was found (0,00). Conclusion: The spiders community associated with Ixora coccinea in Chiriquí is represented by five taxa, including the species Micrathena sexpinosa, Leucauge venusta, Argiope argentata and Gasteracantha cancriformis. It is worthwhile to study the possible changes in this community in the future, in the face of anthropic pressure.

Objectives: To evaluate the physicochemical quality of milk from Criollo cattle and determine if it meets the requirements of the Peruvian Technical Standard NTP 202.001:2016. Methodology: The study was conducted in cattle of the Los Molinos Cattle Breeders Association, located in the district of Gorgor, Lima - Peru. Six milk samples were taken weekly for two months, for the analysis of: density (D), fresh milk temperature (TL), freezing point (PC), electrical conductivity (EC), fat percentage (G), non-fat solids (NFS), protein (P), lactose (L), milk watering measure (AL), and total solids percentage (TS). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with the Minitab v18 program. Results: The physicochemical analysis of milk determined the following values: D, 1.029 ± 0.001; TL, 15.245 ± 1.551; PC, -0.500±.0093 °C; EC, 4.004±0.073; G, 3.549±0.299; SNG, 8.8113±0.10302 g/100; P, 3.298±0.035, L, 4.209±0.055, AL, 0.0613±.17324; ST, 12.3563±.28550 %. Conclusions: The cow's milk produced in the Los Molinos - Gorgor district association meets the requirements of the Peruvian Technical Standard. Key words: cow, physical-chemical quality, small cattle breeder, Gorgor, Peruvian Technical Standard.

Objectives: To evaluate the shelf life of freeze-dried (PL) Hass avocado (Persea americana Mill.) slices packed in low density polyethylene zipper bags (LDPE) and bilaminate metalized zipper bags (BLM). Methodology: Two types of LDPE and BLM packaging were used, and the thickness of each avocado sample was evaluated (3, 5, 7 mm), with 3 mm being optimal. The samples were previously frozen (-16, -20, -24 °C) for 24 h to avoid enzymatic browning. Freeze-drying was performed at -57°C, and 5 mtorr, at times of 18, 24 and 30 h, then the shelf life was evaluated. Results: The peroxide index for PL in LDPE packaging was 5.53 ± 0.035 (meqO/Kg) and for BLM packaging was 5.10 ± 0.04 (meqO/Kg). The percentage of fat in LDPE-packaged PL was 19.24 ± 0.01 and for BLM-packaged PL was 19.12 ± 0.012. The pH of PL in LDPE packaging was 6.87 ± 0.042 and in BLM packaging was 6.91 ± 0.031. Likewise, the Aw in PL packaged in LDPE was 0.516 ± 0.002 and in BLM was 0.515 ± 0.003. Microbiological analyses reported absence of molds, yeasts, E. coli and Salmonella sp. The shelf life of PL stored at 25 °C and packaged in LDPE was 56.67 days and for PL packaged in BLM was 60.96 days. Conclusions: The shelf life of PL packaged in BLM presents a better option for storage of avocado cv. Hass..

Objective: To evaluate the effect of three organic amendments the yield of potato variety Canchan in Panao, Huánuco. Methodology: An experiment was installed in Coñayca (Panao, Huánuco) under a Randomized Complete Block design in var. of potato Canchán, with four organic fertilization treatments and four repetitions. The treatments evaluated were: compost, earthworm humus and guinea pig manure, these were applied before sowing at a dose of 20 t ha-1. Sowing was carried out at distances of 0.30 m between plants and 0.90 between rows. The harvest was 149 days after sowing, evaluating plant height, number of tubers per plant and weight of tubers per plant. Results: it was found that organic fertilizers showed a significant effect on all the indicators evaluated; earthworm humus obtained the best results with an average of 5.33 tubers per plant and 1020.3 g per plant. Conclusion: By incorporating 20 t ha-1 of earthworm humus into the soil, the number and weight of first-class and total tubers per plant increased, with an average yield of 37.79 t ha-1 in Panao, Huanuco.

Objective: To carry out a participatory appraisal of the current situation of beekeeping in Panama. Methodology: Work meetings were held with Government entities, with the Academy and with beekeepers. There were a total of 25 participants, who, through a brainstorming session, pointed out the main problems and difficulties currently being faced in the beekeeping industry. The information was written on labels placed on sheets of cardboard, to facilitate its visibility during the development of the activity. Results: By consensus, the following were identified as problems faced by beekeepers in Panama: a) Unfair competition, through smuggling and adulteration of honey; b) Low beekeeping productivity, related to high production costs and low yields; c) Pests and diseases; d) Lack of research, innovation and development (R+I+D); e) Lack of organization by beekeepers and entities of the agricultural sector; f) Lack of training for both technicians and beekeepers; g) lack of investment in genetic improvement; h) Lack of diversification of beekeeping products. Conclusion: The participatory appraisal partially identified the problems faced by beekeepers in Panama; therefore, it is recommended to develop a study to characterize bee farms at the country level.

Climate change is defined as the spatial, both local and global, and temporal variations of environmental climatic variables on Earth. In relation to this problem and the species that suffer these effects, there is a phenomenon called phenotypic plasticity, which is defined as the property of a genotype to originate different phenotypes, depending on the conditions of the surrounding environment, whether biotic or abiotic. Taking advantage of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis in cattle, it is now possible to scan the genome for regions involved in adaptation to the local environment. These domestic species are presented as biological models to describe the short-term response to abiotic-type pressures, such as climate, during their migration from the centers of domestication and their dispersal to new ecosystems and their diversification in populations or races due to natural selection, artificial and genetic drift. The objective of this work was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes associated with environmental variables in Guaymí and Guabalá Creole cattle in Panama. An array of 10,000 SNP markers was used to calculate diversity parameters such as the percentage of polymorphic loci, observed and expected heterozygosity, effective number of alleles (Ne), deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by population, allelic frequencies, indices of Wright fixation, Shannon diversity index. The number of polymorphic loci associated with environmental variables suggest that these breeds still retain adaptive capacity through mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity, to the local environment where they live.

The objective of this study was to identify plants species associated with the genus Zelus Fabricius, 1803 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Cerro Punta, Chiriquí, Panama. About 12 random samplings were carried out in two locations, from October 2019 to October 2021; checking crops and surrounding vegetation. The different development stages of Zelus in the observed plants were recorded, in addition to collecting specimens for identification at laboratory. According to the results, the two species found in Cerro Punta, corresponded to Zelus longipes L., 1767 and Zelus renardii Kolenati, 1857. The plants in which Z. longipes was found were orange - Citurs sinensis (L.) Osbeck, golden berry - Physalis peruviana L., rosemary - Salvia rosmarinus (L.) Schleid., 1852, blackberry - Rubus glaucus Bentham, 1846, peanut - Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C.Greg., 1994 and sweet potato - Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.. All development stages of Z. longipes were found in orange trees in the first location, being flies (Diptera) the prey frequently hunted. The vegetation associated with Z. renardii corresponded to orange, garden nasturtium - Tropaeolum majus L., 1753 and golden berry; while, in the second location, Z. renardii was found in all of its development stages in golden berry, predating beetles of the Chrysomelidae family. In conclusion, at least seven plant species in Cerro Punta are associated with the genus Zelus, represented by Z. longipes and Z. renardii. All stages of development of Zelus bugs were observed in two plant species, which would represent potential as banker plants.

The study was carried out with the purpose to determine the diversity of dung beetles associated with the dual-purpose dairy cattle production system, in rotational grazing and silvopastoral system, located in the Experimental Station of the Agricultural Innovation Institute of Panama (IDIAP) in El Ejido, Los Santos province, Republic of Panama, 7°54’31° N 80°22’01° W. The study considered landscape components, rotational pasture (PSR) and silvopastoral system (SLP), established in the locality in issue. The samplings within these sleeves were established in two linear transects on the farm. Eight traps (SLP; = 8 and PSR; = 8) were placed at each sampling site, sixteen in total. Indicators of distribution and abundance of these species were determined, according to the structure of the system established of the cattle herd. For establishing the efficiency of the sampling events, rarefaction curves of observed species ± 95% confidence interval were prepared. As an estimator of richness based on abundance between PSR and SLP systems, indexes of Chao, Simpson, Shannon-Wiener diversity and Morisita similarity were used. A total of three species of dung beetles were recorded, Canthon septemmaculatus Latrielle, 1811 (Canthonini), Copris lugubris Boheman, 1858 (Coprini) and Dichotomius agenor Harold, 1869 (Dichotomiini). These constitutes the first records associated with livestock production systems in Panama. The diversity of mammalian species produces an abundance of manure, and the vegetation richness of habitats and food resources present in the agroecosystem. They are factors that contribute to the functionality of the beetles that could thus be integrated into the complex of elements necessary for the sustainable management of the Experimental Station.