Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Bacillus cereus is a sporoform bacteria commonly found in small amounts in some foods such as rice. However, after cooking, under certain inadequate cooling and refrigeration conditions, the surviving spores can rapidly reproduce and produce enterotoxins, making the food a potential cause of food poisoning. In the present study, samples of cooked rice were collected in four different food sale kiosk: two in the district of Penonome and two in the district of Aguadulce, Coclé province, for five weeks, determining the presence of Bacillus cereus in this food. For the confirmation of the suspicious colonies, different biochemical confirmatory tests were carried out such as API 50 CH and API 20 E, sowing of the suspicious colonies on blood agar and the catalase and oxidase tests; obtaining positive results in each one of them. In addition to evaluating the growth of this pathogen in MYP selective agar for it, indicator microorganisms such as aerobic Mesophiles, E. coli and Coliforms were considered, obtaining results for Bacillus cereus above the parameters established in the Peruvian Standard R/M N°615 (2003)-SA/DM, but below levels that can cause food poisoning. For aerobic Mesophiles, the count obtained was below the maximum acceptance limits established by the NTS No. 071 MINSA/DGSA-V.01 (2008), for the case of E. coli/Coliforms, growth was not amplified in any of the samples.

The physicochemical and microbiological composition that characterizes whole milk from Jersey cattle are important factors for the industrial processing of quality dairy products. The concentrations of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, mineral salts, enzymes, vitamins and water constitute organic compounds and elements that determine the quality and nutritional value of whole milk from Jersey breed. The beneficial microbiological diversity existing in the whole Jersey milk, make up the biological indicators of lactic fermentation processes, for the manufacture of cheese, yogurt, fermented milk and others. In order to characterize whole Jersey milk in Panama, six sampling sites were selected in the Tierras Altas district in Volcán, Chiriqui, with a total population of 100 Jersey cows postpartum, from which a random sample of 50 cows was taken. A total of 24 milk samples were collected from July to August 2015, every 15 days. Main measured variables were carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, pathogenic bacteria, among others. Milk composition resulted 5,13% of carbohydrates, 3,60% of proteins, 3,93% of lipids and 0,96% minerals, more lactose and protein, with microbiological values under stablished standards. It is concluded that whole Jersey cattle milk grants high physicochemical and microbiological properties for the industrial processing.

Fruits and vegetables are the main organic substrates, which allow the development and sporulation of fungi in the agriculture markets. This work consisted of characterizing the fungal flora and evaluating the levels of total aflatoxins, through the washed and unwashed treatment in fresh fruits (orange, guava) and vegetables (cabbage, tomato). This study was carried out in two supermarkets in the district of Chitré, province of Herrera. The isolation of fungi was carried out in 128 samples, in a period of one month. The results of the analyzed samples revealed a high presence of the Aspergillus niger fungus, which presented 58% of the total compared to the other observed fungi, followed by Aspergillus ochraceus with 18%, Aspergillus flavus with 7%, A. versicolor with 6%, A. sclerotium with 5%, Alternaria sp. with 4% and Rhizopus sp. with 2%. Total aflatoxins detection was performed using ELISA, this being a competitive enzyme immunoassay, where the aflatoxin levels of the processed samples were analyzed by treatment. The results of each evaluated product mostly comply with the three international standards, except for guava that exceeded the permissible levels of 4ppb for the EU. The highest fungal growth occurred in supermarket A, for guava product under washing treatment. Similarly, for total aflatoxins, guava was the product with the highest concentration. Aspergillus niger evidenced the fastest fungi growth.

Cyberdefense and cybersecurity have become pillars of maintaining any country's stability and normal functioning; therefore, they are considered vital areas within strategic studies. Unfortunately, faced with this demand, Peru has not been able to develop this sector. Currently, the country does not have an investment aimed at promoting security systems and cyber defense. Although the Latin American region has little impact on large-scale cyber conflicts, it is essential to note that national security could be violated if it does not level with current demands. The methodology used for the development of the present was delimited in this documentary review, concluding that to achieve efficient cyber defense and cybersecurity strategies, a system is necessary that allows the integration and cooperation of the public, private and military sectors, which makes possible the union of isolated forces to achieve the objectives of national security.

Environmental and health risks are the most worrying in terms of economic impact and probability of occurrence. One of the most urgent threats to national and global security in the twenty-first century is climate change. Given that Brazil is the world's largest producer of animal protein and a major exporter, any disease affecting cattle, pigs, and poultry will represent a catastrophe with huge economic, social, and political repercussions. This article is the result of an exploratory, descriptive and applied study in a qualitative way, using bibliographic and documentary research techniques. The objective was to analyze existing capacities in Brazil for the monitoring and confrontation of major agricultural and livestock health emergencies. There is a need to improve the governance of the National Disaster Response System and to promote the doctrinal and operational integration of Civil Defense as one of the main actors in crisis management, such as the Ministry of Agriculture, Health and Defense. The creation of an independent agency specializing in the monitoring and management of the health emergency response within the framework of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) in the United States, Europe, Africa and China can be an important strategy to optimize resources and develop resilience.

Nations have the right to reach levels of development that mean living conditions so that their citizens can objectively verify the benefits of the democratic system. These benefits, in turn, are the result of building the future; for which, it is necessary that the statesmen who direct their countries, under an appropriate political leadership, and adequate, but with a high certainty of success. For this reason, it was considered appropriate to develop this research analyzing how, why, when, what priority, and other questions used by countries that have achieved success in their government systems. It is for this reason the investigation of the development models of Singapore and the Republic of Korea, countries that in about sixty (60) years have achieved admired and recognized results worldwide. The investigations make it possible to verify that both countries have used planning in stages and phases, that their main leaders built future scenarios based on visions appropriate to their own realities; but in both cases, the commitment to education was a key condition to achieve the skills and capabilities of their human capital. The commitment to education has been evident, and can be verified by the results achieved in the macroeconomic indices monitored by multinational entities. Finally, it is recommended to review this article, and organize research teams that take the different strategic actions, as topics of analysis to develop their own models, but taking the lessons learned achieved.

This article analyzes the main factors of change that have occurred in Chile in terms of drug trafficking, organized crime, and insurgent action in certain parts of the country. This analysis is based, first, on the hypothesis that the country has ceased to be just a transit route for drugs and has become a place of destination (receiver), based on a set of facts that place it in a new category within the regional drug trafficking map, despite the fact that its role as a transit country (transmitter) continues; second, its role is argued in an incipient network of transnational organized crime networks connected with local structures that are in full development, dedicated to crimes of a certain magnitude in the narco world; third, the presence of illicit associations that still operate in limited areas of the national territory and that claim a subversive and criminal fight is described.

This research work aims to have an approach to the study of transnational organized crime in the American continent in the XXI century. Based on this, the structure, functions and main characteristics of the international organized groups that are currently active in the American continent will be studied and analyzed. To achieve this, the main objective of this work is to analyze transnational organized criminal groups in the Americas of the 21st century, applying a qualitative research design using documentary and bibliographic analysis as main techniques.

In order to evaluate the effect of two hormonal treatments on ovarian activity in postpartum cows with anestrus, this work was carried out at the La Soledad Cattle Dairy Farm, located in Bella Vista, Gualaca district, Chiriquí Province. Twenty multiparous cows between 45 and 60 days open, average live weight of 460 kg and average age of five years were selected. Cows were randomly separated into two groups: the first group received 400 IU of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) (T1) and the second received 10 mcg buserelin acetate (synthetic hormone GnRH) (T2). Data were analyzed through a completely random design (DCA). Thenon-parametric variables were analyzed using a chi-square test. The statistical analysis indicated that there were no significant differences between treatments, however, the interaction response and body condition were significant (P<0,01), indicating that the response to hormonal treatments was influenced by the body condition of the cow. The interaction response and number of births tended to be significant (P<0,08). Regarding the size of the antral follicles (AF), no significant differences were observed, either before or after the treatments were applied, nor were significant differences observed for size of the corpus luteum (CL). Treatment differences were significant (P<0,05) for the variable gestation rate at first service, with a combined gestation rate of 76,9% (cows that responded to treatment and cows that did not) in T1. The gestation rate and response to treatment were significant (P<0,02), which reflects the effectiveness of treatment on gestation to first service. These results allow us to conclude that under adequate body condition eCG treatments are more effective in resuming ovarian activity in cows postpartum is correct.

The objective of this paper is to identify the main errors that the Peruvian State made in the management of the pandemic and that led it to be the country with the highest number of deaths per capita in the world. For this, in the pre-pandemic scenario, the differences between risk and threat will be specified, the documents that identify the pandemic as a threat to national security and as a disaster will be briefly analyzed; and the unfulfilled international commitments of the State regarding disaster risk management. Then the regulations and internal processes of national institutions responsible for the identification, planning and management of the threat will be examined, discovering in the analysis their administrative, organizational and functional shortcomings. Next, the adverse effects that arise as a result of the impact of the pandemic will be identified to determine the importance of their management. The results lead us to conclude that despite having administrative, organizational and functional institutions with sufficient elements for threat management, from the highest level, they underestimated the speed with which the probability of occurrence and the impact of the threat grew. Itself, establishing wrong criteria for threat management from government policy to operational levels, which led to it becoming a disaster of biological origin, resulting in enormous damage to the country, but mainly and particularly for thousands of Peruvian citizens who lost their lives.