Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Currently, there is a wide range of pharmaceutical products that off er great benefi ts for the treatment of various oral diseases. Most of these products are of synthetic origin with antibacterial properties but there are the numerous side eff ects associated with their use. An alternative is the use of natural products from plants and insects in the reduction of the bacterial load of the oral cavity as chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All.), cocoa (Th eobroma cacao L.), aloe (Aloe vera L.), moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), clove (Syzgium aromaticum L.), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum L.), stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni), honey bee and propolis, addressed in this literature review. Th is review attempts to address the use of diff erent natural compounds in reducing the bacterial load of the oral cavity. It can be concluded that there are several studies about the eff ects of natural products on the part of man in medicine, where there are a large number of works and publications related to natural substances with active ingredients in reducing the bacterial load of the oral cavity.

Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem due to the high morbidity and mortality that it has worldwide with a tendency to increase cases and spread of infection at diff erent latitudes. Besides, the number of chemotherapeutic agents is small, its toxicity is high and when its toxicity is reduced, bioavailability also reduces the success of vaccination strategies. It is here that the design of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems turns out to be a promising strategy in the treatment of this parasite. Th e objective of this paper was to show relevant information on nanotechnology applied to the treatment of leishmaniasis as an innovative tool for the control of this disease. Th rough the review of scientific literature in databases based on descriptors or related keywords. Th e paper was structured in fi ve sections to facilitate reading and analysis: pharmacological treatment still recommended and a small introduction to vaccines against leishmaniasis, application of nanotechnology in human health, the case of leishmaniosis, aspects that are pointed out in nanomedicines for better its eff ectiveness, vaccines against leishmaniasis in nanotechnology, and conclusions. It is concluded that nanobiotechnology, specifi cally nanoparticles, is an excellent tool for introducing the active substance of drugs into infected cells during the pathological process produced by the parasite of leishmaniasis.

Following the regional protocol designed by the PAHO alcohol and drug program, the relative frequency of injuries in traffi c crashes and injuries, which reached an emergency center with alcohol and / or drugs, Th e Casimiro Ulloa National Hospital (HEJCU) was chosen for the period October 2018 to July 2019. Th e study population was that of the patients who gave us informed consent and the team in charge of sampling, fi lled out the ad-hoc form and collected the results of the breathalyzer and drug test. Th e high frequency of patients who did not give their consent would reveal the high degree of sensitivity towards the detection of alcoholics and drug addicts existing in the city, 15% of alcoholics were detected, 5% of marijuana users, 3% of cocaine and one opiate. An association was detected between alcohol and drug use. Th e drug detection program should incorporate a drug detection system, which should be extended to pedestrians.

Estimado Editor, he leído con interés el artículo de Leyva-López et al. (2020); sobre enfermedades gastrointestinales en turistas de México, donde refieren a Entamoeba histolytica (Schaudinn, 1903) y Salmonella typhi (Salmon, 1885) como los microorganismos más frecuentemente diagnosticados en pacientes con enfermedades gastrointestinales, situación parecida a la presentada en Venezuela, por lo que quisiera agregar un elemento peligroso que se está generalizando en el tratamiento de estas diarreas en algunos países de Latinoamérica y particularmente en Venezuela. Me refiero a la ingestión de Creolina diluida, como amebicida o microbicida intestinal en pacientes con disentería, por lo que quisiera añadir lo siguiente: La Creolina es un antiséptico fenólico, aceitoso, de acción fungicida, bactericida, antihelmíntico e insecticida (miasis), diseñado para uso “agrícola, veterinario y doméstico”. Es de olor fenólico, coloración marrón oscura, pH 9 y densidad 1,3 g·mL-1 (Silva-Lima et al., 2013; Alcendra, 2017).

In this work, the behavior and physicochemical characteristics of fruits, seeds, and the oil extracted from three promising sprocket lines CP041, CP052, and CP054 with degrees of maturation were evaluated: light green, yellow, yellowish-brown, and dark brown. Th e samples were obtained from the germplasm bank of the Portoviejo Experimental Station of the National Institute for Agricultural Research (INIAP-EEP), Manabí, Ecuador. In the statistical analysis, it was determined that the ripe fruits were the ones that presented the highest percentage of oil content, being the line CP041 the one that presented the highest content. In the percentage of seeds in nuts, the CP041 line had a higher yield than the CP054 line. As for proteins, the CP041 line stood out, in the percentage of fi ber and humidity CP052 and the percentage of ash CP054. In line CP041, the light green fruit oil had a higher iodine index and a saponifi cation index. Th e kinematic viscosity in the yellow fruit was the most outstanding with the other degrees of ripening. Th e yellowish-brown fruits presented the lowest acidity index. When the fruits studied were dark browns, there was a lower peroxide index and a lower range relative density. Th e fruits with the highest content of double bonds referring to the Iodo index were light green fruits in line CP052, while in line CP054 they were dark brown fruits. Th e dried fruits (dark brown) of the line CP052 and CP054 reached a high saponifi cation index in relation to the other degrees of ripeness. Th e values shown in the kinematic viscosity in the yellowish-brown fruits stand out from the other ripening stages in both the CP052 and CP054 lines. In relative density, both in lines CP052 and CP054, the yellow-green fruits stand out in relation to the other ripening stages.

More than half of freshwater gastropods are in some category of conservation worldwide. Th e objective of this study was to evaluate the drastic decrease in the gastropod community of the Los Pantanos de Villa Wildlife Refuge (RVSPV), Lima, Peru from 2005 to 2010. 8,640 gastropods were collected from eight sampling stations near the “Marvilla” lagoon of the RVSPV. Th e relative abundances by species, families, and study year were obtained. Th e population density of gastropods (ind·m-²) by families was analyzed and also they were grouped between native and exotic species. Th e effect of water quality, established by physicochemical factors, on the density of gastropods according to family and year of study was evaluated. Th e alpha diversity for the gastropod community covered the indices of S (Richness), H' (Shannon- Wiener), D (Simpson), and DMn (Menhinick) per year of study. Th e malacological fauna recorded included eight species of gastropods: Heleobia cumingii (d'Orbigny, 1835), Melanoides tuberculata (O.F. Müller, 1774), Pectinidens diaphanus (King, 1832), Physella venustula (Gould, 1847), Mexinauta peruvianus (Gray, 1828), Drepanotrema kermatoides (d'Orbigny, 1835), Helisoma peruvianum (Broderip, 1832), and Planorbella trivolvis (Say, 1817). Heleobia cumingii (2005: 73%; 2010: 57%) and M. tuberculata (2005: 19%; 2010: 37%) presented the highest relative abundances, their densities started at 845.8 and 217.2 ind·m-2 and ended at 9.22 and 6.06 ind·m-2 by 2010, respectively. Th e densities by family and species were diff erent between the years of study, with a strong tendency to decrease. No live specimens of P. diaphanus, P. venustula, and H. peruvianum were found for 2010. Th e reduction in the gastropod community in the studied period implies that freshwater gastropods represent one of the most threatened and vulnerable taxonomic groups of RVSPV.

The presence of a certain species in a place obeys several factors; one of them is the available food resources. In this work, we report the main and potential food items for the Andean Flamingo Phoenicoparrus andinus (Philippi, 1854) would have access to at the end of the winter season in the Parinacochas Lake, Ayacucho in Peru. 21 types of microalgae were found in water associated with shallow puddles and 15 in free surface water: 17 were diatoms (Bacillariophyta), two dinofl agellates (Dinophyceae), and two cyanobacteria (Cyanophyceae) with potential contributions to the diet of 80.96%, 9.52%, and 9.52%, respectively. Surirella sp. was present in all the water samples, and it was also the most abundant, followed by the oscillatoriales that were found in 90% of the samples. Between the two types of habitats, there were more than 12 shared species were registered (60% of similarity) and concerning the distribution of the microalgae in both habitats, the conformation of two undiff erentiated groups was observed, this was due to several factors such as the salinity to which they were exposed and the proximity to hot springs, which could infl uence the distribution and therefore availability and accessibility of microalgae as potential food items for the Andean Flamingo in the northernmost site of its distribution in South America.

The coagulant and phospholipase A2 activity of the sea anemone Phymanthea pluvia (Drayton, 1846) and tarantula Grammostola rosea (Walckenaer, 1837) venoms from San Bartolo and Matucana, Lima, Peru, respectively, have been studied. The sea anemone venom was obtained by hypotonic shock, while the tarantula venom was extracted from the chelicerae and was "diluted" in saline solution. Electrophoretic analysis of the soluble venom showed the presence of protein bands. Th e coagulant and phospholipase activities of both venoms were measured. Phospholipase activity was found showing a diff usion halo of 2.76 cm for P. pluvia and 3.35 cm for G. rosea. Th e coagulant activity, tested on human citrated plasma, gave a positive result for P. pluvia, coagulating the plasma in 10 min and 16 min for G. rosea. It is concluded that both the soluble venoms of P. pluvia and G. rosea have phospholipase and coagulant activity.

Th e importance of Swordfish (Xiphophorus helleri Henckle, 1848) for current ornamental aquaculture is known. However, despite the diversity of known traits, classical genetic studies to determine the hereditary shape of the caudal and dorsal fins are few. Th e present investigation employing directed crosses was able to identify the dominant form of the caudal fi n of “Lira form” and the dorsal fi n of “Veliferous form”. Both traits were dominant over the recessive trait "Simple form" in both the caudal and dorsal fi ns (F1). Likewise, through directed crosses of the two traits, it was statistically determined by the Chi-Square test that the forms of inheritance of both traits were segregated in the F2 in the Mendelian ratio 9: 3: 3: 1. Th is would allow the genetic improvement of the shape of the fi ns in the Swordfi sh and obtain improved lines with greater commercial value for the ornamental aquaculture.

The Bessel expression is an ordinary diff erential equation of second order (EDOPO), whose solutions are spherical and can be solved by Frobenius' methods, indeterminate series, and coeffi cients; whose values can be used very well and easily in food engineering and technology. Their solutions are specifi ed in four parts, of which those of the type are those that have an application in the present study. The Bessel EDOPO was solved in its four possibilities, in which the values and behaviors are given in tables and graphs in detail. Th e corresponding values were used in the temperature distribution for cylindrical containers of known dimensions using the equations of heat transfer by conduction, preferably, coming from the Fourier theory, facilitating the improvement, modifi cation, and design of new processes. The results of the temperature distribution were calculated by the respective equations and the results obtained were satisfactorily used in the development of the work.