Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The multiple crises facing humanity at the onset of the Anthropocene are creating a moment in which agroecology acquires greater relevance as an alternative approach for meeting sustainable development goals and providing guidelines for the reconstruction of a post-COVID-19 agricultural system that is capable of minimizing future widespread disruptions of food supplies by pandemics and climate change by enhancing linkages between small-scale food production and local consumption. There are three main areas in which agroecology can be used in the development of a new post-COVID-19 agricultural system: revitalizing small farms, creating alternative animal production systems and enhancing urban agriculture. Focusing food and agricultural policies on agroecology as a main strategy for achieving autonomy and resilience can rapidly transform the ways in which we produce and consume food while addressing global challenges, including climate change, biodiversity loss, food insecurity, poverty, and deteriorating health.

Laelia halbingeriana Salazar & Soto Arenas is a wild epiphytic orchid endemic to Oaxaca, Mexico, that is collected with no plans for its management or conservation. The objective of this study was to propagate and evaluate the in vitro development of this species in the culture media with a variety of mineral salts and growth regulators. Groups of three plants, 1.2 to 1.4 cm tall, were established in receptacles with culture medium containing 30 g L-1 sucrose, 1 mg L-1 thiamine, 100 mg L-1 inositol and 0.5 mg L-1 benzyl aminopurine (BAP). Proportions of Murashige and Skoog (1962) or Knudson (1946) mineral salts were varied (100, 66 and 33%). The growth regulators indoleacetic acid (IAA) and kinetin (Kin) were used at various concentrations (0.5 + 0.5 mg L-1, 1 + 1 mg L-1 and 2 + 2 mg L-1). pH was adjusted to 5.8, and 5.5 g L-1 agar was added. After 120 days of incubation, the plants that were cultivated in 66% and 100% Knudson media were 2.1 cm tall and had 4.8 roots, while the plants in 100% Murashige and Skoog media were 1.5 cm tall and had 2.5 roots. For 120 days, the plants had a logarithmic trend in vertical growth (R2≥0.96). Several plant characteristics were evaluated simultaneously using a cluster analysis, which found that the best culture medium for Laelia halbingeriana development contains 100% Knudson mineral salts, 0.5 mg L-1 BAP, 0.5 mg L-1 IAA, and 0.5 mg L-1 KIN.

Plant growth can be directly influenced by the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of their substrates. We tested the viability of using alternative substrates derived from agroindustrial residues by evaluating their effects on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) germination and growth as well as the antioxidant activities in seeds and seedlings. The extracts were classified based on their principal carbon source: cotton waste (SA); sugarcane waste (SB); napier grass (SN); tree prunings (SP); and sawdust (SS). The chemical attributes of the substrates were analyzed, the physiological characteristics of tomato seed germination were determined, and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were measured in tomato seeds and seedlings. The extracts from tree prunings and sawdust showed the highest germination indices and root lengths, while the cotton and sugarcane waste extracts showed the lowest values for the same variables, with high pH and electric conductivity values indicating possible toxicity; increased activities of antioxidant enzymes needed to correct physiological imbalances were detected. The substrates deemed most suitable for seedling production were those derived from tree prunings and sawdust.

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This paper aims to examine the determinants of crime in the 5,565 municipalities of Brazil, with a special focus on the Bolsa Familía impact. We identified spatial dependence and heterogeneity and adopted spatial models with regimes: North (NO), Northeast (NE), Southeast (SE), South (SO) and Central-West (CW). Among results, population size is an important to explain crime in all regions, while population density is significant only in NE and CW. The Economic-Educational and Social Disorganization Factors, constructed with factorial analysis, are also significant for all regions, except in the NO for the latter. The first factor presented coefficients with different signs and magnitudes depending on the region, while social disorganization are a crime inductor in all localities. Social inequality leads to criminality only in the SO. The Bolsa Família program was significant in the NE, NO and CW. In the latter two, the program inhibits crime while in the Northeast the effect is opposite.

The present study was carried out with the objective of analyzing the working hours in the Military Police ofRio Grande do Norte for policing and administrative activities, comparing with the one applied to the common worker to explore the application of the foundations of the hour bank in the units of the Metropolitan Police Command, as the purpose of proposing the conditions of execution through the applied results. In order to carry out the study, the methodology of bibliographic and documentary research and action research was applied, with the application of a questionnaire with a sample of the state police force. The results allowed to verify that the hour bank has the potential to represent a viable solution for the control of the professional activities of the military police, ensuring that greater efficiency in the state public security is achieved. Theconclusion presents the results obtained and proposes the usefulness of the time bank in ostensive policing and in the administrative service, as a way of guaranteeing efficiency in the rational use of human resources.

In 2016, at the LAAD Security, the Secretary of Public Security of Rio de Janeiro stated that while the Brazilian defense budget was recovering, public security budgets were still lagging behind, would be a limiting factor for the execution of public security policies. Thus, the question arises: how have defense and public security budgets evolved over the period 2003 to 2017? How are these budgets structured? What are the main variables impacting your budget execution? In addition to these questions, given the current context in which the two sectors (Defense and Public Security) merge with the Law and Order Guarantee (GLO) and the recent federal intervention, with the use of the Armed Forces in Rio de Janeiro. This article presents as objectives: to compare structurally the budgets of public security and defense in Brazil from 2003 to 2017; understand how the newly created Public Security Ministry is organized; and assess to what extent the actions of GLO can bring financial impacts to the Armed Forces. This type of analysis provides elements for the public planning and the control of the actions developed within the two segments and also, at the point where these segments are presenting an intersection. The research brings a discussion about the breadth of the concepts of internal and external security, as well as a bibliographical and documentary revision on the security public spending.

This article argues that, in order to understand the framework within which the federal intervention in the State of Rio de Janeiro is deployed, the convergence of two processes needs to be considered: one is the institutionalization of the Armed Forces in Guaranteeing of Law and Order operations (GLOs) within the State of Rio; the other is the transformation underwent by the Community Policing policies from the 1980s up to the creation of the Pacification Police Units (UPPs); from an agenda of police reform to an instrument of legitimization of police action inside the ‘favela’ communities.  Both processes are characterized by a narrative about the problem of public security shaped by the idea of an ‘internal enemy’ associated with drug trafficking and transnational criminal networks.