Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

La terapia de láser de baja potencia (LLLT) es un tratamiento que actúa a nivel molecular generando diversos efectos terapéuticos: antiinflamatorio, analgésicos y reparador o trófico. Por este motivo los estudios científicos de los últimos años proponen el uso de LLLT para favorecer la curación de diferentes tipos de úlceras.

Desde que un joven ingresa en las especialidades de ciencias médicas son muchos los profesores que dejan su impronta en el mismo, no solo desde el punto de vista instructivo sino también educativo, siendo este último el de mayor importancia, en el indisoluble binomio que componen el proceso, que da como resultado la formación de un médico, una enfermera u otro profesional de la salud.

In the most recent Since the financial and economic crisis of 2008 and the current health and economic crisis, concept of resilience has been increasingly included in economic analysis and economic policy proposals. Following this trend, the aim of this work is to apply the concept of resilience to the analysis of the evolution of industrial and advanced services sectors in the Valencian Region during the Great Recession. The analysis is based on the classification of local labour markets as industrial districts. Resilience is defined here as the ability of a system to cope with the consequences of an external shock. At the same time, resilience as a new and accurate reference for the industrial policy is also proposed. Therefore, the estimation of resilience could be useful to evaluate the effectiveness of measures designed to improve resistance to adverse shocks. Industrial districts are analysed here because their relevance for the Valencian Region as areas with a long industrial and manufacturing tradition. In addition, the concept of industrial district is based on its dynamism; so, it allows the study of resilience during the last economic crisis, starting in 2008. Thus, the aim is to analyse the resilience shown by local labour systems of the Valencian Region distinguishing those that are industrial districts. In this context, benefits associated with agglomeration economies and entrepreneurial relationships should improve the resistance of industrial districts to cope with the negative effects of external shocks. Particularly, in terms of production level recovery as employment takes longer to recover. The findings of this study could be useful to point to resilience as a main industrial policy objective. Thus, policy measures could be designed with the aim of increasing resilience of productive sectors in the event of future shocks. 

The idea and some evidence that university degrees no longer serve as an effective instrument of the social elevator is spreading. On the contrary, a scenario is gaining ground in which the social, political and economic elites are  perpetuated through a very select group of universities that clearly differ from the rest of the universities.Knowing if this is a phenomenon applicable to the Spanish university is the object of this study. For this, the employability of university degrees will be used as a relevant variable. This basic information comes from the 2010 database of university graduates of the Ministry of Education and tells us what their employability was in the following years. In this work, employability will be used in 2011, that is, one year after the university graduate leaves. From these data, employability, is classified into three levels, by quartiles, with high employability (AE) being the fourth quartile, low employability (BE) being the first quartile and leaving the two central quartiles for the average employability (ME). Next, a heterogeneity coefficient (?) is constructed for each university.The main conclusion is that the Spanish public universities very majority (in number of degrees and in number of universities) offer titles of medium employability. However, a certain capacity of five universities to offer a high number of highly employable degrees is revealed. Similarly, there is a very small group of universities that offer an appreciable number of low employability degrees.

La reducción del fracaso escolar es uno de los objetivos esenciales de las políticas educativas. Tanto el abandono escolar como el bajo rendimiento educativo son manifestaciones de un fenómeno complejo. Los factores explicativos del bajo rendimiento son multidimensionales y operan a varias escalas: factores de tipo individual y familiar; factores que son propios de las escuelas y otros que están en el entorno cercano y en el regional. Los resultados obtenidos con un análisis multinivel permiten discutir la efectividad de unas políticas educativas que no sólo estén se centradas en las aulas, diseñadas para un alumno con un rendimiento promedio.

In this paper we try to point out the lost opportunity on how to address the current crisis, forgetting principles and theories that were successfully applied in the Great Depression. After some considerations about the Stock Market Crash that began on October 24, 1929 and their catastrophic consequences, we analyze the reaction of European authorities to the present crisis, highlighting the financial costs and the loss of welfare that has led to the rescue of peripheral Eurozone countries. Our analysis is based on the interpretation in the framework of the present time of the work and thought of John Maynard Keynes. In this comparative analysis we find a strong contrast between the economic policy outlined in those times by our honorable English economist, and the presence of a recalcitrant single thought and the reductionist determinism that have characterized the economic policies bring about in the crisis years in our country and, in general, in the Eurozone area, given rise to an avoidable situation of austerity and recession we have suffered between 2008 and 2013. In the article we stand out the fact that the Great Depression was harsher and more terrible that the Financial Crisis of these last years, but better managed by the American Authorities, in clear contrast to what happened in our country in those times. In the present work it is valued the convenience of applying them to the difficult situation we are going through the economic policy that in those years of crisis was not wanted or we were not able to implement.

A key question that emerges from the coronavirus pandemic is what is required to make of this temporary phase a pathway to transformative change. Or, as largely happened following the 2008 financial crisis, will society return to a carbon-heavy, growth-dominated economy based on an ethic of radical individualism and rampant consumerism, informed by neoliberal prescriptions. This article draws on the work of Karl Polanyi (1886-1964) to offer an alternative theoretical framework to guide transformative social change in the era of climate change. It begins by identifying a key feature of the structure-agency balance in contemporary society, namely a techno-optimism and the case made for an alternative framing through the lens of political economy. The second section identifies the two key theoretical frames which informed the dominant political economy configurations since the second World War – a social democratic frame and a neoliberal frame. The argument is made that a new frame is now necessary. The third and longest section draws a range of conceptual contributions from Polanyi to offer a distinctively different theory to that offered by neoliberalism. These include market society; different meanings of economy; fictitious commodities; forms of integration; double movement; discovery of society; the human person and freedom; and the power of technology. The final section draws conclusions.

In the most recent decades, the economy has changed its relationship over time. Transactions tend to go faster and short-term behaviors have spread across the board. There is evidence that this phenomenon explains some aspects of the post-2008 crisis. In particular, the financial markets follow an extraordinary dynamic of acceleration that leads to a good part of the operations taking place in microseconds (something evident in what it has to do with high frequency trading systems).All this creates very important challenges for democratic politics as a whole, and above all, for the process of economic policiymaking. The crucial problem is that, although the latter have also tended to accelerate, they are systematically lagging behind the capital markets (that is, there is a dynamic of open desynchronization between politics and finance), which hinders their possibilities of achieving their goals. objectives effectively. All this forces us to rethink the role of lags, now turned into an element of the first order to advance in the definition of optimal policy. This article focuses on how the time pressure factor has exerted a notable impulse to some important institutional changes in the political-economic processes.

The integrated model of regulatory and competition authorities approved in 2014 in Spain has received significant criticism even before the creation of the CNMC. Much of such criticisms were based on the lack of verifiable international experience in Europe in this kind of organizational structure. Therefore, faced with a possible reform of this model in the future, it is worth asking: What would be the best institutional structure? What other institutional designs exist in the countries around? The article includes three European institutional models that could be a reference for a possible Spanish “super-regulator” future reform.

Spain began the legal liberalization of freight rail in 2006. Private operators have been slowly entering a market dominated by public capital operator Renfe Mercancías, a subsidiary of the former monopoly. However, in the years since then there has been no increase in the volume of goods transported. Private operators would have simply replaced Renfe Mercancías in certain services. Among the reasons why there has not been an increase in freight traffic, it is worth mentioning those related to infrastructures different from the existing standard in Europe that makes it difficult for incoming companies to have compatible rolling stock. But perhaps the most relevant organizational element to hinder the growth of private companies is the presence of a public owned company such as Renfe Mercancías. This should lead to a reflection on the suitability of its privatization.