Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The general objective of this research work is to analyze the breach of the right to due process due to the violation of the right to defense in the application of sanctions with internal work fines, the consequences that derive from said sanctions on workers, to develop the form of intervention of the social worker in the work spaces of the private sector. The qualitative approach and the case study method were used for this research. The technique used was that of documentary analysis, specifically memoranda issued by an employer addressed to two workers under a dependency relationship, and the revision of legal texts, with which it was possible to corroborate the existence of the violation of the basic guarantees of due process in the application of sanctions with internal work fines, specifically the violation of the right to defense, showing that there is no regulation that protects workers in this regard, there is no pronouncement by labor authorities on this issue, which creates a social problem with respect to this group for the employer, since the economy and psyche of the worker is affected, the call to intercede in this problem is the Social Worker based on their own functions as a professional, so the intervention of the social worker will be sought in order to correct these shortcomings. Keywords: Right to due process, Right to defense, sanctions, fines, Social Worker.

AUTORIDADES: Dr. Luis Santiago Quiroz Fernández, PhD.Rector de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí. Portoviejo, Ecuador. Dra. Mónica Murillo Mora, PhD.Directora del Instituto de Posgrado, Universidad Técnica de Manabí. Portoviejo, Ecuador. Dr. Jimmy Manuel Zambrano Acosta, PhD.Coordinador del Instituto de Posgrado, Universidad Técnica de Manabí. Portoviejo, Ecuador. Dra. Leonor Alexandra Rodríguez Álava, PhD.Coordinadora académica de la Maestría en Psicología, Universidad Técnica de Manabí. Portoviejo, Ecuador. Dr. Fidel Ricardo Chiriboga-Mendoza, PhD.Director de la Editorial Universitaria de la Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí. Manta, Ecuador.

The civil engineering career is focused on improving the quality of life and meeting the needs of human populations, through works that help this, that are safe, reliable and last the corresponding time; these will have a value that corresponds to their implementation and that they comply with the corresponding regulations. Water is the most widely used environmental resource, since it serves for the life itself of living beings and its implementation is essential in any activity carried out. In this investigation, an optimal design of the transverse drainage will be carried out given by a box-type culvert on the Tíllales a la Palestina road with the coordinates N626257 E964117. To analyze and complement whether the existing sewer complies with the technical restrictions that favor its correct use, geometric measurements were taken, using field topography and computer programs such as Hydraflow that allow the determination of runoff. and the maximum flow, to verify or take notes if the mentioned sewer is complying with the expected results. In the part of the results, the extension of civil cad called Hydraflow was put to the test, in which the data obtained in the field were entered, therefore this yielded the desired results for the study, which will be found in this part of the job.

Urban road corridors as contemporary urban areas approach fundamental and basic aspects of urban planning. Most urban corridors neglect to promote equity, accessibility, recreational activities, social activities, sports activities, comfort and safety, etc. The objective of the research was to develop a planning of public spaces in urban road corridors in intermediate cities. In this research, documentary and field analysis was applied from the point of view of urban mobility and public spaces. The section of Avenida 25 de Junio ​​was chosen from the Y of El Cambio to the Circumvallation Norte of the city of Machala. In the exploratory analysis, concepts, variables and hypotheses that investigate the research object for the planning and design of urban road corridors were identified. The descriptive analysis allowed us to specify key principles such as: community participation, priority setting within urban road systems, and design and management considerations for road corridors. A methodology for the planning of public spaces in urban road corridors is proposed through the construction of a relationship matrix that allows formulating policies, strategies and actions for the management of sustainable urban mobility conditioning the road corridor in aspects such as: Spatial and visual accessibility, tree planting, condition of public spaces, state of use of sidewalks. The methodology applied to Av. 25 de Junio ​​determined that spatial and visual accessibility is within an acceptable range; in arborization a poor range; in the condition of public spaces, we have ranges from acceptable to harmful and in the state of use of sidewalks ranges from medium to acceptable. Finally, an urban corridor sustainability index of 0.44 was obtained, which indicates that it can become established as a road corridor, improving the negative aspects of each area studied.

The COs constituent represents a small part of the carbon cycle. Likewise, the different types of soils in nature contain different percentages of organic carbon, depending on their composition. Regarding the soils of the Machala and Chilla cantons, they are areas of great wealth within the equator, being essential for the growth and balance of the flora-fauna species, however. The objective of this work was to determine the percentage of carbon and the amount of COs in grasslands-forests. Pits were built to a certain extent, where soil samples were extracted at different depths (0-10 cm and 10-30 cm) to determine the physical-chemical properties. The results in the percentage of COs (≈2.24%) and the real density in forests (≈2.26 mg.m-3) and apparent density in grasslands (≈1.29 mg.m-3) in the Pueblo Viejo show a notable increase, unlike the Santa Inés farm, which gave ≈2.08% COs, ≈1.93 mg.m-3 real density and ≈1.45 mg.m-3 apparent density in grasslands. The carbon obtained in the biomass of COs stored by coverage and depth in the Machala and Chilla forests show a high variability, altering the physiological processes of plants in southern Ecuador.

It is intended to determine a new geometry for the intersection, which allows to guarantee the safety and fluidity of traffic, based on the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) manual and following the premise of avoiding invading the properties adjacent to the road with the new projection. secondary that connects with the roundabout. The investigation is approached starting from a simple observation when driving inside the roundabout and noticing that the route is messy. It is decided to carry out a topographic survey to know the existing geometry, for this the photogrammetric method was used with aerial images obtained with a quadcopter drone. A vehicle capacity was necessary to determine the relation of demand - capacity of the intersection, this was executed in a period of seven days. Subsequently, with traffic analysis software, said percentage was verified; and with a CAD design program a verification was carried out to validate the new geometry proposed. It was found that the deflection islands of the main street do not have adequate turning radii for the size of the central island, with around 20 meters at the accesses, and do not direct traffic smoothly towards the two-lane traffic ring. For their part, the deflection islands of the secondary street do not respect the width of the traffic ring and become an obstacle for vehicles that have already entered the roundabout. In addition, they cause vehicles from the outside lane to invade the inside lane.

This paper describes the methodology used to solve the congestion of an intersection in the "Huaquillas" canton, through a protected left turn. Since the problem of vehicular congestion is a very frequent issue in the city, and it is an indicator that stops its development, preventing the effective mobility of the population and visitors from being guaranteed. The process used to solve the problem consists of a topographic survey with a drone and GPS to obtain planimetric and altimetric values, followed by carrying out vehicle gauging during peak hours for a week using manual tools. Computer programs such as Synchro 8 were also used; to simulate the traffic with the problem and with the proposed solution, validating its operation. Likewise, Civil3D was used as a road analysis and design program; where a protected turn design was proposed that complies with current regulations, follows recommendations from publications by other authors who are knowledgeable about the subject and fits in the space available in the area where the park currently exists, affecting this tourist niche in the least way, but contributing greatly to the road development of the city, and to other economic axes such as commerce, tourism, etc.

The investigation attends to the risk of flooding in urban roads of intermediate cities, because it has been noticed that the sewage system is not sufficient to drain runoff water during the rainy season in the city of Machala, therefore we will analyze alternatives to minimize the flows that go to the drainage system and thus control flooding. We analyze the affectations in winter storms in the area that presents flood points adjacent to the city's drainage channel to later propose a sustainable drainage design methodology through drainage management criteria that allow the reduction of flood risks in urban roads. For the SUD's proposal, the elements, drainage, flow and flooding of urban roads were analyzed, in addition to the physical and environmental context. The SUD was selected based on the building typology of the city. Finally, as a result of the design, a permeable pavement system was sized, where the structure will be paving stone, transition layer, base, subbase and an improvement, it also has a porous concrete system, which accumulates part of the runoff, this is It is made up of porous concrete, a permeable subbase and a 250mm diameter perforated tube. The other proposed system is a floodable parterre for an area of 11.65Ha, with floodable gardens to cover the runoff produced by the impervious area. It is concluded that the implementation of the methodology serves for the correct design of a sustainable urban drainage system.

The lack of coverage of the public transport service, excessive travel times, non-compliance with the schedules of the public transport operators and the lack of route information, cause discomfort in the users of the service, affecting urban mobility and becoming a One of the main concerns for traffic regulatory entities, due to the impact it has on the quality of life and the efficiency of travel, opting for other modalities generating little reliability in the use of transport and greater dependence on private vehicles. For this reason, an evaluation is required to propose improvements to the service, for which an evaluation methodology of collective public transport was proposed that allows sustainable urban mobility for cities of up to 300,000 inhabitants where indicators such as the physical structure of transport, hierarchy of routes are qualified, equipment, service capacity, bus stops, public transport coverage, travel time and frequency. Collective public transport in the city of Machala was analyzed, where an assessment of 50% was obtained, which indicates that the current service is regular. With this, it is concluded that in order for collective public transport to allow sustainable urban mobility, the proposed indicators must be evaluated, where they analyze characteristics of public transport, reasons and duration of trips, infrastructure, among others, to finally make an assessment of the results in terms of sustainability and thus be able to generate proposals for improvements to the quality of the service.

The objective of the following investigation is to design a methodology for the implementation of BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) to improve the collective public transport service in intermediate cities. According to expert criteria, the development of cities is closely related to public transport systems because they facilitate the movement of people to their work centers, studies, tourism, shopping among other activities. For this research, were reviewed scientific articles that support the process that must be carried out for the correct implementation of the BRT in intermediate cities. As its implementation improves the mobility of people, a methodological proposal is established through criteria to evaluate the public transport service through indicators such as land use, road network and estimation of the number of passengers. A table is created to evaluate where there are implementation ranges from "not recommended" to "recommended", where if the percentage is >100% another transport system will have to be evaluated. The results of the study show that the evaluation indicators are met to recommend implementing a BRT in the city of Machala.