Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The document presents the design of a didactic proposal applied in students of fifth grade in a rural primary school, located in the state of Veracruz, with the use of Google Earth as an alternative for teaching and learning geographical topics, the above due to the requirements of the 2011 study plans and programs in the implementation of strategies that incorporates the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to support different subjects. The article seeks to contribute to these requirements and has as a priority that students make use of the little equipment available at the school and learn geographical information through this program with the use of ICT in an interactive and attractive way, so that they have a significant learning that will be reflected in their academic performance. The procedure consists of a brief diagnosis with the teacher and students of the group, to know their perception, and the importance that the use of this tool gives as an alternative of teaching and learning. With the results obtained the proposal was formulated within the framework of the constructivism, in which the programs operate, with the support of the ASSURE model, evidencing a greater interest towards the geographical knowledge and therefore in school performancev

Higher education must be oriented towards the achievement of the capacities that are required for the democratic, social and economic development of each country, among other purposes, since currently, this acquires a strategic dimension within the field of knowledge. With the advent of networks, telephony and digital model, education is reconfigured and brings new options. Therefore, it is essential to define it from all angles, taking into account all its actors and situations. Analyze and rethink its objectives, it becomes a necessity in view of the diversification of the resources of the teaching and learning processes. The tendency of current studies on any social problem is the multi and interdisciplinary approach, necessary to make an intervention capable of disaggregating each of its aspects, without forgetting the importance of transdisciplinarity. On the other hand, the perspective of complexity requires taking into account the factors involved, as well as their causes and effects; It is therefore a conscious analysis of all the elements. Undoubtedly, complex thinking is the space where different areas can coincide to move towards knowledge; For this, it is necessary to think about the complementarity of cognitive skills such as reasoning and analysis that allows us to reach dialogue and metacognition, since not only scientific knowledge is potentiated, but also philosophical and humanistic reasoning. That should be considered as the new axis of Higher Education. Thinking the educational field from complexity represents the search for programs that allow us to reflect reality from an integral perspective, of unity and its parts, and thus avoid falling into a reductionist thought. Only in this way will man be able to assume himself as part of a social fabric and not only as an individual.

En las últimas décadas, la investigación educativa se ha dado a la tarea de conocer la relación de los factores socioculturales, socioeconómicos y de la propia escuela en el desempeño académico y en el logro de los aprendizajes de los estudiantes. El presente estudio, aporta evidencia empírica para dar respuesta al cuestionamiento ¿Influye el nivel de estudios de los padres de familia en el rendimiento escolar de los estudiantes? Bajo los supuestos de las teorías relacionadas a la influencia de los padres en el desarrollo de los hijos, se analizaron los resultados de una prueba estandarizada aplicada a una muestra de 10,110 estudiantes de sexto semestre de la educación media superior y un cuestionario de contexto. Para ello, se empleó el modelo estadístico no paramétrico de Chi Cuadrada para conocer la intensidad de las variables del tipo categórico. Los resultados arrojaron que los estudiantes con padres de familia con niveles de estudios de nivel medio superior y superior, obtienen mejores desempeños en pruebas estandarizadas del logro del aprendizaje.

El trabajo de campo en la carrera de Geografía en cualquier universidad del mundo es imprescindible desde la perspectiva disciplinaria y pedagógico-didáctica. El binomio gabinete-campo resulta indisoluble cuando los objetivos centrales de un plan de estudios se enfocan en formar profesionales en el ámbito geográfico. De acuerdo con ello, en el presente trabajo se expone una guía de campo para la asignatura de Geografía del paisaje que se imparte en la Licenciatura en Geografía de la Universidad Autónoma del estado de México. Se muestran las características y objetivos del programa de estudios y la concepción metodológica que sustenta al curso y a la práctica de campo, para con ello exhibir un recorrido por los estados de México, Hidalgo y Querétaro en donde se instrumentan técnicas y metodologías para alcanzar los objetivos de aprendizaje.

Los modelos educativos con los cuales el personal de enfermería se ha formado a lo largo del tiempo han pasado desde la instrucción del profesor puramente conductista, en donde el educando solamente seguía órdenes y memorizaba hasta lo que actualmente se conoce como constructivismo, donde el profesor funge como una guía para que el educando genere e integre el conocimiento de forma autorregulada. Actualmente existen diferentes modelos en la educación que resaltan esta perspectiva y conceptualizan al educando como sujeto constructor del conocimiento, capaz de tomar decisiones a través del análisis, la reflexión, integración y aplicación del conocimiento autorregulado (Pecina,2013, p.1).

This study aimed to characterize the chilling requirement of 18 peach tree cultivars during dormancy, as well as to zon the cultivars to the ecophysiographic regions of the Rio Grande do Sul (RS). 'Flor da Prince', 'Planalto', 'Vanguarda', 'Robidoux', 'BRS Fascínio', 'Cerrito', 'Libra', 'Chimarrita', 'Atenas', 'Maciel', 'Kampai', 'Granada', 'Santa Aurea', 'Barbosa', 'Della Nona', 'Mandinho', 'Bonão' and 'Baby Gold' twigs were collected in the field in April/2019. The cuttings were submitted at 7.2°C and two cold times (200 and 400 CH). After each cold time, the cuttings were transferred at 20ºC to induce the budburst. Cultivars were stratified by chilling requirement into three classes: low (≤200 CH), medium (201-400 CH) and high (> 400 CH). The chilling requirement of the cultivars was related with the budburst and harvest dates in the field and the cultivars were zoned in the ecophysiographic regions of the RS Estate, based on the map of CH. 'Flor da Prince', 'Vanguarda', 'Mandinho', 'Libra', 'Kampai', 'Granada', 'Bonão' and 'Cerrito' needed ≤200 CH to overcome dormancy. 'BRS Fascínio', 'Baby Gold', 'Atenas', 'Maciel', 'Santa Aurea' and 'Chimarrita' required 201-400 CH. 'Barbosa', 'Planalto', 'Della Nona' and 'Robidoux' required >400 CH. The budburst and harvest dates of the cultivars in the field are related to the chilling requirement of the genotypes. Low chilling requirement cultivars can be grown throughout of the RS state; those of medium chilling requirement are limited to the cultivation only on the western border; and those of high chilling requirement are recommended mainly for Serra Gaucha, Campos de Cima da Serra, part of the Planalto Médio and of the Serra do Sudeste.

This article presents a comparative analysis of six countries (France, Germany, Italy, Slovakia, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom) that aims to examine the distinction between work under an employment contract (subordinate work) and self-employment, shedding light on the main criteria used by the law and judges to identify the two concepts and also provides an overview of how legal systems have tackled the problem of forms of work that lie halfway between work under an employment contract and self-employment. It also provides a uniform basis for discussions and a critical assessment of the various approaches that these legal systems have chosen to shape the concept of employment contract/subordinate work or other legal statuses that ensure protection. In the final section, some conclusions are drawn about the studied countries, and the new concept of ‘subjection’ is introduced to reorganise the protection granted by labour law since it absorbs and expands the concept of subordination upon the consideration that the former can better match the current socio-economic scenario. Indeed, the latter scenario is described in section one of the article. Lastly, the study stresses the need to protect the genuine self-employed through mechanisms to ensure social protection in cases of sickness, long-term impediments to work and retirement.

The Author proposes a comment on the ruling of the French Court of Cassation of 4 March 2020 which decides to reclassify the contractual relationship between Uber and a driver as an employment contract. According to the Court, Uber unilaterally determines the terms and conditions of the transportation service to which the driver participates, reducing his ability to freely organize his activity. These elements characterise the existence of a employer-employee relationship between Uber and the driver. The decision follows the settled French case-law regarding the lien de subordination and, among a group of different indices able to lead to the assessment of subordination, gives to the “service organisé criterion” a prevailing role. The Author offers a comparison between the index of the service organisè used by the French Uber judgment and the idea of the “employer-organized work” introduced by the Italian legislator to widen the scope of the labour legislation. She finds relevant similarities: they both lead to appreciate the existence of a productive structure organised by the entrepreneur which defines entirely the conditions of performing the job, leaving no control to the worker. And through this path, they both allow the application of the employment protections to platform workers. In the light of the interpretation offered, very little space remains for the application of the special rules for platform self-employed workers introduced by recent legislative reforms in France and Italy. These provisions should apply to the sectors of home delivery of goods and passenger transport in urban contexts: in these areas, the ability of the digital platforms to organise the service is so strong that it regularly affects the way work is carried out and therefore it can easily drive to qualify the relationship between the digital platform and the worker as an employment contract.

The essay deals with the problems triggered by art. 42, para. 2 of the Decree “Cura Italia” that assimilates the cases of confirmed Coronavirus infection at work to cases of injury. Among the issues addressed, there is the dreaded “sanctioning emergency” that would result from the initiation of criminal proceedings to ascertain the employer's responsibility in the event of a contraction of the Covid-19 illness by a worker. The A., first of all, makes some proposals on how to manage the overburdening of the prosecution offices by speeding up preliminary investigations. He then provides some answers to the problem of possible exemption from liability for the employer if all the measures provided in the Decrees have been complied with. After pointing out the potential decisive nature of the lack of scientific knowledge about the pathogenesis related to the virus, in parallel with the judicial experience in the field of asbestos diseases, it is argued that even if the legislator ensures the absolute determination of the precautionary rules, there would be no certainty for the employer complying with them to be exempt from liability. The effort to be made is rather a rethinking of the criterion of guilt which, drawing on the experience of medical liability, offers more appropriate criteria for the attribution of liability.