Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Die vorliegende Arbeit umfasst den Prozess der Familiengestaltung, ausgehend vom Begriff der Familie als sozialer Institution, mit dem Ziel und Zweck eines Menschenrechts. Dadurch gewinnt der Begriff eine konkrete Dimension und konkrete verbürgte Inhalte, die spezifisch verfassungsrechtlich und gerichtlich geschützt werden.

Context: Mammary microcalcifications are not-palpable lesions that are present in approximately 55 % of breast cancer. These are a frequent findings in mammograms and may be an indicator of the disease in its early stages.   Method: A method was implemented in order to get mammary microcalcifications enhancement based on multi-resolution analysis with Wavelet transform. Then, candidates were segmented using threshol- ding, in this technique, the threshold was determined with statistical parameters from Wavelet distribu- tion coefficients. Later, a couple of Support Vector Machines models was used to classify images that contains mammary microcalcifications.   Results: Classification task was performed using Support Vector Machines (SVM). The following evaluation metrics was achieved: AUC of 93.6 %, accuracy of 89.4 %, sensivity of 88.4 % and specificity of 90.5 %   Conclusions: In this approach the length and distribution of microcalcifications was used as features to select candidates. These features are also used as criteria in clinical evaluation to detect mammary cancer in early stages. The proposed method to image enhancement can unmask microcalcifications that are not visible at naked eye. In most mammographies the proposed algorithm classify correctly microcalcifications in different distributions.

Context: To meet the world’s energy demand, photovoltaic solar energy has emerged as a sustainable, environmentally friendly renewable energy, used as an alternative to mitigate climate change caused by the use of energy from fossil fuels. therefore, it is very important to study the behavior of these photovoltaic modules under real operating conditions. Method: Two stand-alone photovoltaic systems were implemented, one of monocrystalline technology and another polycrystalline, each of data acquisition system of temperature, humidity, voltage and current, which are acquired in a synchronized manner over a period of 3 months, under local weather conditions of Fusagasugá. Results: The temperature, humidity, irradiance, voltage and current data are used to obtain curves showing the energy performance of the polycrystalline and monocrystalline modules. Conclusions: The results of this study can help predict the output characteristics of photovoltaic system, mainly when the weather conditions change such as temperature, humidity and irradiance. A better performance of the monocrystalline module in the polycrystalline is evidenced.

Context:  This research presents a review of literature and current state of the Industry 4.0 and Reverse Engineering process with the aim of proposing a design method for the digitization and manufacturing of 3D parts through the use of Digital Manufacturing. Method: A theoretical and systematic review about Industry 4.0 and Reverse Engineering is carried out to determine the relationship between them. Subsequently, several published design methods are analyzed to select one as a reference. Finally, according to the results obtained from the theoretical analysis a proposal of the design method to perform the digitization and manufacture of a 3D piece. The application of the proposed method is validated with the digitalization of one piece and its 3D modeling and printing. Results: We identified that the relationship between Industry 4.0 and Reverse Engineering is the Additive Manufacturing and that the ideal design method for the development of the research is the Archer’s model through the perspective of Liu & Boyle, since the proposed model will focus on designer through a process of digitalization. Finally, its application demonstrates its relevance, considering that nowadays the Digital Manufacturing must be a determinant component for Industry 4.0 Conclusions: The conditions, particularities and operating costs of the new processes applied by Industry 4.0 imply the need to consider new models to generate benefits for companies in order to become more competitive, profitable and sustainable companies on a global scale. In this context, Digital Manufacturing is presented as an alternative design, which although it has been applied for years, it has not been recognized as a new technological trend, so its inclusion on Industry 4.0 is relevant and necessary.

Context: An inverter-based microgrid working in islanded mode can suffer cyber- attacks, these can be done against either the local controller or the communication links among the inverters. Secondary control is able to reject those attacks, however, a tertiary control action is necessary in order to stabilize the power flow among the microgrid. Method: Confidence factor technique allows to reject attacks in a microgrid acting directly over the secondary control, however, this technique omits other factor related to the power available. In this case, secondary control was complemented with a tertiary control that includes optimization criteria. Results: An inverter-based microgrid is simulated in Matlab for different scenarios and under cyberattack, this allows checking the correct response of the controller under attacks and the effective powersharing among inverters. Conclusions: The tertiary control allows stabilizing the active power of the system after the rejection of a cyber-attack by the secondary control. Each inverter supplies active power according to its máximum power rating without affecting the stability of the whole system.

Context: Mexico before 2013, had a unilateral government-like control of the electricity sector, a situation that was modified with the energy reform, where the operating policies changed, creating a new scheme based on a Wholesale Electricity Market (MEM) through an open market and where the sources with the greatest presence to date are intermittent power generation sources, such as; photovoltaic solar power plants and wind power plants. The intermittency of these sources arising in the electrical transmission network will cause a problem of energy security called the duck curve. Method: This technical-administrative study makes a detailed panorama to structure a model through decision making with the Hierarchical Analysis Process (AHP, acronym in English) to repower the Mexican electric sector by making decisions with social criteria, environmental, economic, political and technical. Results: A sensitivity analysis is presented as a result of the LINGO Software and Web Hipre that supports the criterion and sub-criterion that will benefit the most by including a new innovation called Re-pumping-solar to save-the public finances and decrease the electrical intermittency in Mexico. Conclusions: Lead to decision making, technologies within energy policies without the need for a physical model, but yes; with an investigation of operations verifying the feasibility of said technologies.

Context: LIDAR technique allows the 3D modeling of structures with an unprecedented resolution and millimetric precision. This technology is naturally related to Surveying, even more when models are linked to geodesic and vertical reference systems. Diverse LIDAR surveys should be geometrically linked with topographic classic techniques or with geodetic methods such as GNSS. Such linkage conditions the geometric external quality of the integrated model. In order to compare 3D models of millimetric quality through time, the accuracy of the geodetic determinations should be validated. Method: Two buildings that belong to the National University of La Plata were surveyed with TLS (terrestrial laser scanning).  These scanners measure the visible surface. Therefore, the complete survey of any complex object requires a series of stations of registration.  The final product results from the spatial vinculation of the different adjacent point clouds. In order to do that, there are different techniques. The one used in this case is that of common elements identified from neighboring stations. The results referred to a terrestrial geodetic frame were obtained through a polygonal based on measurements of total stations, automatic level and GNSS. The quality of the 3D final models obtained was assessed internally considering the processing statistical parameters, and externally through the coordinates of control points obtained with independent methods. Results: The internal geometric quality of the point clouds generated with the TLS Trimble TX5, was estimated in 1 to 3 millimeters (1RMS). The classical topographic techniques used in the polygonal gave a coherence of 3 mm in each components, while for the georeferencing obtained with GNSS measurements was 1 cm. Conclusions: The internal geometric quality of the 3D models shows the capacity of representation of LIDAR and its potential for internal deformations’ analysis. The different 3D point clouds, initially dissociated, can be integrated through geodetic-topographic methods, and expressed in a suitable geodetic reference frame.  

Context: The permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) have rapidly improved their performance in terms of power density, efficiency, and better dynamics, thanks to the technologies used in them, such as: the control technique and the drive circuit technology. A PMSM can operate both as a motor and as a generator. In addition, they stand out for having a low maintenance, since unlike other types of engines the PMSM does not have collector rings or brushes. The control algorithm that is generally used in this type of motor is a vector control, which is divided into Direct Torque Control (DTC) and Field Oriented Control (FOC). Method: The computational platform where the simulations are carried out is MatlabR software (R2017a) Simulink 8.9, where predetermined blocks and program functions are used for the DTC and FOC vector control diagrams. Results: Regarding the electromagnetic torque control, FOC presents higher ripple than the DTC, so that, it is concluded that the DTC has greater torque control in relation to the FOC. Regarding to the magnetic flux control, according to the obtained values, the DTC has better control performance than the FOC. For speed control, both the DTC and FOC control have a fast response to disturbances; however, the DTC has a fast control response when the PMSM starts moving from rest, which means that the DTC has a faster response in the transient state and when the engine is in motion FOC has better control performance to disturbance. Conclusions: When analyzing the most important aspects to determine which control technique is effective, it is concluded that the DTC control technique has greater effectiveness with respect to the FOC control technique. However, it is worth mentioning that the two control techniques are widely used in the industrial sector for driving electric motors, so that, the selection any of these techniques Will depend on the process to be carried out.

Context: Hydropower is a mature and long-lasting technology, but it has presented environmental and social problems. To address these problems, hydropower sustainability initiatives have been created for more than two decades. In Mexico, hydropower projects present environmental and social problems that cause delays in their construction or delays in their entry into operation. The objective of this study was to determine the weightings of the criteria of hydropower sustainability through multicriteria decision-making methods to a group of experts. Method: Through the combination of the multicriteria Analytical Hierarchical Process and the Programming of Goals the opinion of a group of experts was obtained in the planning of hydropower projects. Results: Once the AHP-GP methods were applied to determine the weighting of the hydropower sustainability perspectives, it was found that the weights closest to the opinion of all the groups are those issued by the group of governance experts. Conclusions: The results indicate that, when questioning a heterogeneous group of experts, it was observed that significant agreements are presented between the groups, which is noteworthy because they are groups of experts that have different specialties.

Context: The acquisition and storage of environmental parameters, through wireless sensor networks, makes it possible to analyze the growth and development of protected crops. This analysis in agriculture impose challenges because are living organisms and where it is not possible to control all the variables.   Method: A hardware and software architecture is designed using a wireless sensor network for acquisition of data in greenhouses. The simulations are carried out in the UEB of Various Crops “Valley of the Yabu” of Santa Clara for two hours with six measurement nodes, a coordinator and gateway. An energetic analysis of the proposal was made calculating the real life time of batteries.   Results: The experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the design, storing all the measurements transmitted from different places inside the greenhouses. The energetic analysis guarantees high durability of the batteries of the measurement nodes.   Conclusions: With the acquisition system exposed, the values of the effective variables could be maintained or modified for reducing losses of resources and improving productive efficiency.