Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is one of the most important agricultural products in the world, since more than 56 countries are dedicated to its cultivation and it is the main agricultural commodity since the period 1962-1989 and coffee orange rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berkeley & Broome) is the most devastating disease for this crop. In Central America, the losses caused by this pathogen were up to 50% in the 2011-2012 production cycle. Coffee production in the state of Veracruz decreased by 8% since 2011 due to rust infestations, consequently research has been carried out on beneficial microorganisms that provide tolerance to the pathogen, whose obtaining and application does not represent a risk of deterioration of the soil resource. Therefore, the endomycorrhizal meet these requirements, however it is necessary to know the diversity and conditions of association with the agricultural species of interest so that the management is effective. The objective was to characterize endomycorrhic populations present in coffee plants (C. arabica L.) Typica variety with and without signs of rust infection in Ixhuatlán del café, Veracruz. We identified 37 species that correspond to 14 genera of endomycorrhizal, being the most common Acaulospora and Rhizophagus, the latter being the most frequent in plants without signs of rust infection. A higher percentage of root colonization and spore density was also found in plants without signs of infection (7.70% and 661.68 spores / 100 g of soil, respectively) but the Shannon (H) diversity index and the Simpson (D) does not indicate that the endomycorrhizal populations found are diverse. These results show that the plants that interact in symbiosis with mycorrhiza are able to tolerate better the biotic and abiotic stress, besides the prevalence of certain endomycorrhizal genera in coffee plants with particular physiological characteristics gives a guideline to deepen the study of the established differential symbiosis between plants and microorganisms.

In the first part of this work, we analyse the major dysfunctionalities of the labour market prior to the crisis and how these may have intensified the negative effects on employment. Spain had a growth model skewed towards real estate activities, a dysfunctional labour market with a high proportion of temporary contracts, and an inefficient collective bargaining system. In the second part we discuss the main measures of the 2012 labour reform. On the one hand, it reduced dismissal costs to incentivise wage moderation. On the other, it gave prevalence to collective bargaining agreements at the company level to restrict adjustments via job destruction in future crises. A number of possible measures to address the issue of duality of the labour market were left out of the scope of the reform.

The Lehman Brothers bankruptcy (2008) was the turning point for the strengthening of international cooperation (G20, FSB) and for the development of an ambitious agenda of financial reforms. The strengthening of the international financial system as a result of these reforms is undeniable; however, further efforts are required to complete them, and particular attention must be paid to certain non-banking segments. In Europe and in Spain, the measures adopted since 2008 have been aimed at solving both the situation of the financial sector and the impact of the crisis on the architecture of the EMU. We shall end this work by discussing some challenges for the future.

The global financial crisis, which was followed by the Euro crisis, has highlighted the weaknesses of the original structure of the EMU and the inability of the single currency in its current design to protect the Euro Zone from the monetary and financial shocks originating from the USA, or to stand up to the dollar as a global reserve currency. First, this article stresses that, beyond completing the construction of the Euro with full banking union, fiscal union and a set of institutional reforms that make the single currency resilient and sustainable, we need to understand why the theory of optimum currency areas and its conception of money is clearly inadequate to explain the problems of the Euro in the face of the crisis. Political economy and power government support to internationalisation, reformed as a result of the crisis, has maintained a relatively more conservative stance. In this context, despite the abundant factors need to be introduced with greater clarity. In the second part of the article we discuss the steps that need to be taken if it is really intended to forge ahead in the internationalisation of the Euro, an ever pressing need in light of the foreign economic policy of the US and China.   factors need to be introduced with greater clarity. In the second part of the article we discuss the steps that need to be taken if it is really intended to forge ahead in the internationalisation of the Euro, an ever pressing need in light of the foreign economic policy of the US and China.

The purpose of this study is to associate, through the analysis of multiple correspondence, the indicators of income, academic performance and their connection with the levels of achievement of diagnostic competence, which may contribute to the study of teaching processes used by students of the career of Kinesiology. To this end, the income indicators of the students of Kinesiology of the Catholic University of Maule of the cohort 2015 were evaluated, and relationships were sought between the levels of achievement of diagnostic competence, socioeconomic level, high school grades, university selection test, university studies, origin, self-esteem and learning styles, which are associated with the academic performance obtained, to observe possible trends. The results of the traditionally categorized income indicators do not guarantee achievements corresponding to the basic cycle of the career. On the other hand, during the formative process the criteria Bioethics, Protocol and Diagram, as levels of achievement, are demonstrative stages to regulate the students according to their performances, as they contribute significantly to the diagnostic competence.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the different styles of conflict resolution found in adolescent students in Spain and to see if there are significant differences between men and women, also taking into account the type of center they attend (mixed or differentiated by sex). For this purpose, a sample of 816 students from 12 Spanish schools was defined and a questionnaire based on the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI), adapted and validated for adolescents, was applied. The results confirm differences between sexes, already identified in other investigations, and for both sexes, in the differentiated school, higher scores appear in the collaborative style in comparison with male and female students attending a mixed school. No significant differences were found for the other styles of conflict resolution.

Difficulties associated with relationship between family and school appear increasingly as a matter of discussion in the international bibliography. This study seeks to investigate the perspectives of secondary school teachers on the relationship between family and school. For this purpose, a qualitative methodological design was used, including two focus groups among secondary school teachers who, at the time of the study, worked in the first grade. The data generated were then studied using the content analysis technique. Among the main results of the research, which presupposes a first approach to the subject, it stands out that teachers consider the participation of families to be fundamental, but this is not done in an adequate manner because families show some difficulties, institutions do not have clear guidelines to facilitate their approach, and teacher training in this area is insufficient.

In this paper we want to map conceptions of school knowledge emerging in the current policies for increasing the workday in schools in Rio Grande do Sul context. Curricular policies we have examined focus on establishment of ‘learning communities’. They take the increasing of the workday in schools as a proposal encouraging creative pedagogical activities stressed on students’ interests and cultural experiences. However, they are different in the terms of curricular organization as one of their programs is centered on general skills, while the other shows learning expectations for different age ranges. We have found weak points in the processes of selection and organization of the school knowledge, as curricular policies neglect possibilities of cultural transmission concerning schooling.

This article analyzes the evolution of the determinants of exclusion from secondary school in the City of Buenos Aires in the 2001-2010. Using census data, probability models has been estimated using logistic regressions to estimate the weight of relational, individual and residential factors for the educational trajectories for young people in the City of Buenos Aires. As main results highlights: the wide variability of the chances of dropping out in relation to the position of the person in the household; the sensibility of such chances to the presence of babies and toddlers in the households; the decreasing elasticity of the scholar drop out in regard to material conditions of the habitat, services and goods of the households.

Taking into account the importance of the evaluative phenomenon and the relevance of student perceptions, this work explores the assessments of students in Pedagogical Training with respect to the evaluative process to which they are subject. For this purpose, a reduced scale of attitudes was made through exploratory factorial analysis. The analysis of the results reveals feelings of disagreement and some metric weaknesses that, in the opinion of future teachers, call into question the role of evaluation as a provider of quality inputs and information for pedagogical decision-making.