Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Educational Communication, Educommunication, and Media Education: A Research and Educational Proposal from a Culturalist ApproachComunicação educativa, educomunicação e educação midiática: uma proposta de pesquisa e formação sob uma abordagem culturalistaBetween face-to-face and virtual education, school and media, and interaction and interactivity, the field of educommunication is often discussed. It has also been regarded as education about media or through media, which is why it is frequently confused with media education. The aim of this article is to review the basic concept of educational communication and its derivatives —educommunication and media education— and then redefine them from a culturalist point of view. From this approach, the categories of the theory of codes are applied to the so-called educommunication, giving rise to three types thereof: oral-ritual, iconic-narrative and alphabetic-argumentative (paradigmatic). In conclusion, educommunication is proposed as the entire human subjectivation, understood as the acquisition of codes —including a particular language—, and media education as the acceptance of media codes, understood not as technologies but as culture. The fundamental contribution here is the expansion of the concept of educommunication by incorporating, in addition to the analysis of technologies, practices and institutions, code analysis.Para citar este artículo / to reference this article / para citar este artigoNarváez-Montoya, A. (2019). Comunicación educativa, educomunicación y educación mediática: una propuesta de investigación y formación desde un enfoque culturalista. Palabra Clave, 22(3), e22311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2019.22.3.11Recibido: 27/03/2017Aceptado: 09/04/2018

The State Reproduces the Children’s Fantasy Soñemos by Luis César Amadori, Argentina, 1951O Estado reproduz a fantasia infantil: Soñemos, de Luis César Amadori, Argentina, 1951During the early administrations of Juan Domingo Perón (1946-1952), the Press and Dissemination Secretariat made films to praise projects promoted by the Government. As part of this communication policy, Luis César Amadori directed the medium-length film Soñemos (1951) that shows the facilities of Ciudad Infantil, a children’s home inaugurated by the Eva Perón Foundation in 1948. This paper intends to describe and analyze the aesthetic choices of this film, based on the hypothesis that the main features of state communication in the period are condensed in this audiovisual piece, due to the scale-down used for presenting this miniature society. From the methodological point of view, we focused on two rhetorical features, understood as a formal correlative of ideological features: miniaturization and imitation. The article concludes that scale-down made it possible to materialize an urban utopia but also showed its limits: a temporary boundary for the containment of children and a spatial one for the city whose production sources were excluded. Furthermore, imitation is outlined as an aesthetic preference of the poor represented by Peronism. It was about giving them the same luxury that the rich enjoyed and not a new lifestyle, as the avant-garde proposed. Both the autonomy of geopolitical blocs proposed by Peronism and the ability to reproduce this model in the future remain unresolved.Para citar este artículo / to reference this article / para citar este artigoVarela, M. (2019). El Estado reproduce la fantasía infantil: “Soñemos”, de Luis César Amadori, Argentina, 1951. Palabra Clave, 22(4), e2249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2019.22.4.9Recibido: 21/02/2019Aceptado: 04/06/2019Publicado en línea: 18/09/2019

La investigación sobre tecnología de la comunicación en América Latina: un análisis crítico de la literatura (2005-2015)A pesquisa sobre tecnologia da comunicação na América Latina: uma análise crítica da literatura (2005-2015)This article analyzes a sample of articles on communications technology published by Latin American journals. We selected the most cited journals in the field of communication from different parts of Latin America (North, Central and South America) and identified each article published in Spanish on technology. We encoded 712 articles published in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico and Venezuela. We analyzed the types of technology studied, the focus on the production or use of technology, the study of the material or symbolic dimension of technology, the levels of analysis adopted, the theories used, and the research methods implemented. Our findings point to important knowledge gaps and promising paths of research into technology in the region. This type of critical analysis is crucial to theorizing because it allows to empirically explore the myths and realities that have accompanied the study and development of communications technologies in the region.Para citar este artículo / to reference this article / para citar este artigoSiles, I., Espinoza, J. y Méndez, A. (2019). La investigación sobre tecnología de comunicación en América Latina: Un análisis crítico de la literatura (2005-2015). Palabra Clave 22(1), e2212. DOI: 10.5294/pacla.2019.22.1.2

La creación de un periódico moderno: El Tiempo en Colombia, 1911-1940Criação de um jornal moderno: El Tiempo na Colômbia, 1911-1940In this article I examine the first three decades of operation of the Colombian newspaper El Tiempo as a critical moment to understand the influential position the newspaper held in the country during a large portion of the twentieth century. In particular, I analyze the history of El Tiempo as a business, a topic usually unexplored by the history of the press and the public sphere in Colombia. In the first part, I explore the revenue and expenses of El Tiempo. I argue that facing the imported paper crisis generated by World War I, El Tiempo developed an effective commercial strategy that led the newspaper to become financially independent. In the second part, I analyze the internal organization of El Tiempo and the state of journalism as a profession in Colombia. I argue that the rationalization of tasks and the creation of a workers’ union at El Tiempo anticipated some aspects of what would characterize the professionalization of national journalism. In the third part, I explore the printing technologies and means of transportation used by El Tiempo to print and distribute newspaper issues. I argue that faster printing technologies and means of transportation enabled El Tiempo to expand its format and enlarge its circulation. In the conclusion, I suggest that the modernization of the press in Colombia led by El Tiempo had as a particularity that newspapers became modern while being the organ of a political party, in contrast to other Latin American countries where modern newspaper were independent from political parties.Para citar este artículo / to reference this article / para citar este artigoAponte, O. (2019). The making of a modern newspaper: El Tiempo in Colombia, 1911– 1940. Palabra Clave, 22(4), e2244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2019.22.4.4Recibido: 23/02/2019Aceptado: 10/06/2019Publicado en línea: 18/09/2019

Part of the relatively better performance of the Spanish economy in the past few years can be explained by the impact of certain reforms. The concentration of reforms in a short period of time and the emphasis of some of them on allowing more efficient adjustments might explain such differential performance. Particularly worth noting are the measures implemented in the labour market, those aimed at reducing the imbalance in the public accounts, and those that allowed the restructuring of part of the financial system. However, a number of different factors have prevented further progress, and these obstacles continue to pose a challenge for increasing growth and making it more inclusive.

The present article discusses the impact of the economic crisis on the political evolution of the European Union and Spain. Regarding the former, it addresses the gap between debtor and creditor countries, between Eastern and Western countries, and the exit of the United Kingdom. With regard to Spain, it addresses the issues of political fragmentation, volatility, the emergence of new parties and the difficulty in forming a government as a result of the economic and political crisis. Lastly, the impact of the economy on the rise in support for independence in Catalonia is discussed.  

: In Spain, the crisis has exacted a heavy social toll in terms of unemployment, poverty and inequality, three interrelated phenomena. With the crisis, the distribution of income has grown more unequal in many OECD countries, though in varying degrees of intensity and persistence in each country. In some cases, this trend dates back to years before the onset of the crisis and is due to more structural factors; in others, especially in those countries where the impact of the crisis has been more intense, as is the case of Spain, the decline in equity is more associated with circumstantial factors. However, unless it is reverted during the current expansive phase, it could become chronic.

Introduction: Composted manure (CM) is an alternative to nutrient recycling, and can improve or maintain soil fertility by replacing conventional fertilization. The objective of the study was to evaluate the characteristics and chemical composition of the soil, percentage of infection of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) in the root, agronomic characteristics of the plant, growth rate in the crop, nutrient accumulation and productive yield, in response to the E and Glomus intraradices (CM) in forage corn.Method: Six levels of organic fertilization were evaluated (15, 30 and 45 t ha-1 of E, 15, 30 and 45 t ha-1 of EM), one of chemical fertilization (QF: 160-60-30 kg) ha-1 of NPK), and a control (without fertilizing: WF), in two crop cycles (Cycle, SS: spring-summer and AW: autumn-winter). E and G. intraradices were used. The variables studied in the soil were: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), N, P, K, Ca, cation exchange capacity (CEC), number of spores; in the plant: accumulation of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca), percentage of infection in root, height, number of leaves and dry matter (DM); in the crop: growth rate of the crop (GRC), yield of forage in green matter (GM t ha-1) and dry matter (DM t ha-1).Results: With the exception of the K in soil and the CEC, the Treatment, Cycle and the interaction of both factors affected (P <0.05) the variables that defined the chemical composition of the soil (pH, EC, OM, N, P, Ca), the accumulation of plant nutrients (N, P, K, Ca) and forage yield in GM and DM. In OI, QF presented the lowest OM content; in SS, an increase in E (from 15E to 45E) allowed to increase the OM (P< 0.05). The N in soil was higher in AW in relation to SS in all treatments (P< 0.05). In AW, 30EM presented the highest accumulation of plant nutrients (N, P, K and Ca) with respect to the rest of the treatments (P< 0.05). In both cycles, SS and AW, 30EM had the highest forage yield in DM (P< 0.05).Discussion or Conclusion: The chemical composition of the soil, plant and forage maize yield were affected by the use of E alone or in combination with M during the SS and AW cycles. The use of 30EM represents a better fertilization option with relation WF and QF because the plant had more forage production in MS during the SS and AW. The use of G. intraradices in combination with E contributes to optimize the use of soil nutrients by the plant. The results obtained are important to increase the quality and quantity of feed corn.

The development of print journalism in the nineteenth century led Hispanic handbooks of rhetoric to deal with journalistic genres. At that time, increasing numbers of Hispanic handbooks of rhetoric intended for secondary school education were being published, and were also used as reference works for preparing oral and written public speeches. At first they were unspecific and dealt with political eloquence, didactic prose or historical texts, an approach that endured in many subsequent treatises, even into the early twentieth century. However, in the mid-nineteenth century, Vicente Fidel López made progress by considering types of publications – newspapers and magazines – and the features of their most outstanding genres. Subsequently, various treatise writers, aware of the importance attained by the industrial press and the development of informative journalism, broadened the range of sections recording and proposing brief characterizations of some of those genres. In this article I shall analyze those stages, focusing on the linguistic ideologies that motivated not only the social function of the press, but also the genres included in the treatises. I shall claim that although the rhetoric normative device served to consider journalistic writing, it constituted an obstacle insofar as it did not consider the actual practice of editorial offices and the importance taken on by the figure of the reader. By contrast, these aspects were considered in the handbooks of journalism published as from the 1890s.

During the first half of the 20th century in Argentina, the subject of indigenous languages was problematized and analyzed by Americanistic studies. However, on some occasions, the area of linguistics also disputed this object. This tension between disciplines is reflected in a debate that will be analyzed in this article. The discussion started in La Prensa, a very popular newspaper of those years, and continued in the cultural magazine Nosotros between 1928 and 1929. The participants in this debate were Arturo Costa Álvarez, philologist and translator; José Imbelloni, anthropologist; one of his disciples, Enrique Palavecino, and the musicologist and folklorologist Carlos Vega. The following paper aims to present the main topics of this dispute and link them with the discussions that were taking place on the value of linguistics for cultural analysis. Likewise, this paper problematizes the implications of the inscription of indigenous linguistics in the field of Americanistic studies, its relation to the development of linguistics as a science and risks the possible reasons that may explain this particular disciplinary distribution.