Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
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Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis, Sims) is a tropical fruit that belongs to the Passifloraceae family, in Nicaragua it is planted mainly in Matagalpa, this study was carried out in order to contribute to the scientific knowledge of insects associated with passion fruit, it was established between April and September 2016 in the Molino Sur Sébaco community, Matagalpa, the objective of the study was to identify, calculate the abundance, richness, diversity and feeding habit of the main families of insects associated with passion fruit. The study was carried out on four farms, using three pitfall traps and three gallon traps with molasses and the observational method. The main families of insects found were: Formicidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae, Tachinidae, Ichneumonidae, Lonchaeidae, Pompilidae, Apidae, Tephritidae and Scarabaeidae. Insect abundance, richness and diversity were calculated, the latter was estimated using the Simpson index. It was found that the greatest abundance and dominance of insects associated with the cultivation of passion fruit was found in the El Conflicto farm, but not the most diverse in number of species. Regarding the richness of insects, ten orders, forty-eight families, sixty-nine genera and 23 identified species were found, among the main eating habits of the insect species associated with the cultivation of passion fruit were, phytophagous, saprophagous, nectarivorous, predatory, polynivore, defoliator and parasitoid.

The wood construction industry generates large volumes of waste such as rubble, colocho, sawdust, etc., which are not being used since with them we can make or finish a certain product, by virtue of throwing them away, burning them or selling them. The purpose of the study is to characterize the wood waste generated in carpentry workshops in the municipality of Camoapa. The research was of a non-experimental type, for the collection and analysis of primary information, a semi-structured survey was applied to the owners of ten carpentry workshops. The variables evaluated were: wood residues, use of residues and alternatives for use. The data were analyzed using frequency distribution and histograms, for the design of alternatives the SWOT matrix (Weaknesses, Threats, Strengths, Opportunities). It was found that the types of wood waste generated are sawdust in greater quantity, dust, cuttings and colochos in a smaller percentage, they are collected weekly and sometimes daily. The volume of waste generated per cleaning time ranges between 2 kg and 9 kg. 60 % of the workshops make a selection of the waste produced, those who do not argue that they cannot waste their time in this task. 50 % of the carpentry workshops use the waste to complement pieces of other products, on the other hand, the other percentage sell it to housewives and stables. The sale prices range from USD 0.031 a USD 0.093 per kg. 90 % of the owners of carpentry shops said they were interested in being trained to take advantage of wood waste. In conclusion, the waste generated in the carpentry workshops is not used, there is no selection and storage, they are all mixed in one place. An alternative is to use them to make by-products, from a business perspective that generates foreign exchange and reduces production costs.

The search and importance of educational quality is a topic that we often hear, observe, and read in the different media, institutions and organizations dedicated to education. Research carried out by renowned education specialists such as Howard Gardner, Ken Robinson, Eduard Punset, Daniel Goleman y Alvin Toffler, raises the urgency of transforming educational institutions. From the reality before exposed, the key question for this research arises: Does university education consider multiple intelligences in admission policies and in the curriculum? To answer this question, Howard Gardner's concept of multiple intelligences was used as a theoretical basis, considering that the IQ is immersed among multiple intelligences. In this first stage of research, the class groups that the researchers attended in the 2018-2019 period were selected. The multiple intelligences test was retaken, which was put online so that the participants could proceed to answer it individually. The test contains a battery of thirty-five (35) closed questions and was answered by 69 students from different professions. The results after some important considerations: the first, referring to the fact that the participating average students have marked multiple intelligence diversity, but not related to the professions; According to Gardner's methodology, the four points must be reached to have a marked intelligence. The other important element to consider is that students could further expand their types of intelligences under favorable conditions. Failure to find outstanding intelligences could mean students who have developed their potential, in unfavorable fields and fields. The other important element is the fact of avoiding multiple intelligences as variables that consider the professional inclinations of students.

The estimation of soil erosion with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) method, requires estimating the rainfall erosivity index. The aim of this study is to determine the monthly rainfall erosivity index for the meteorological stations Managua Airport, Rivas at pacific south part, Jinotega at central north part and Juigalpa at central south part of the country. Pluviographs from the stations were used to calculate the rainfall erosivity index, using the equations proposed by Wischmeier & Smith in 1978.The total kinetic energy (E) was estimated for each storm and its maximum intensity in 30 minutes of duration (I30), the storm erosivity index Rt was estimated as the product of EI30, and the monthly rainfall erosivity index Rmes  was estimated as the sum of all the Rt from the storms that belong to a month. The monthlies precipitations data were used to calculate the Fournier modified index IMF. It was obtained linear correlation equations from the monthly values of rainfall erosivity index, and the Fournier modified index with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.70. It was verified the performance of the correlation equations with the coefficient of determination (r2), the Percent Biass (PBIAS) and the root mean square error (RMSE), resulting those the determined correlation equations are good to estimate rainfall erosivity index at monthly scale. The equations could be used through the months May to October, when are presents the significant rainfalls in the Managua, Jinotega, Juigalpa and Rivas departments. The maximums values of the erosivity index R were presents in the periods May-June and September-October.

Guayaba (Psidium guajava L.) is a fruit from tropical and subtropical countries, it grows in various conditions of hot and dry climates. The main objective of this study was the identification of the main insects associated with the crop of guayaba, the study was developed between the months of September to December 2018 in the fruit section of the National University of Agriculture in Catacamas, Honduras, for this research, traps were placed to capture insects, among them, the Pitfall-traps, and the McPhail trap. 10 sampling sites were chosen, where the traps were placed. The distance between sampling points was 96 square meters between Pitfall-traps and at a height of 1.5 meters for the McPhail trap. The collection of samples for each trap was carried out every 15 days, identifying the insects found by each type of trap during the months of study, 13 orders, 40 families, 45 genders and 37 species of insects associated to guayaba were found, with 10 different insect feeding habits. The families with the greatest abundance and richness in guayaba were: Muscidae, Lauxaniidae, Tephritidae, Apidae and Formicidae, the main feeding habits were phytophagous, saprophytic, predatory, parasitoid, nectarivore, hematophagous, omnivore, detritivore. Insect diversity was estimated using the Shannom-weaver diversity index, the mean diversity index found was 1.061.

Food production increasingly demands the use of a greater amount of resources, which constitutes a challenge for researchers and institutions related to the agricultural sector. This leads to changes in production processes by intensifying production areas without overexploiting natural resources. The present work aims to assess the importance of Silvopastoral systems as an alternative in livestock systems, facing the agroecological transition. For this, a review of literature related to the negative effect of livestock on the environment, animal production, silvopastoral systems, forage plants and agroecological livestock of the last ten years was carried out, where current trends are defined in the context of efficiency in the application of sustainable criteria. It is concluded that the application of sustainable production strategies conserves biological diversity and preserves natural resources, likewise the implementation of Silvopastoral systems in livestock reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the productivity and efficiency of the system, becoming an option for the producer.

Climate change is contributing to the decrease in the production and crop yield of Nicaraguan farmers. The most damaging effect, due to variations in rainfall and temperature, affects food production directly, both for human and animal consumption. This study allowed the evaluation of total and edible biomass production, the survival rate and the identification of biological agents that affect the species Quelite (Cnidoscolus aconitifolium (Mill) LM), Marango (Moringa oleífera (Lam)), as an animal feed alternative under dry tropic conditions, at the Finca Las Mercedes Technological Experimentation and Validation Center, Managua. In order to evaluate the amount of produced biomass, each species was established in a 10.25m² plot and the collected data from two prunings over a period of a year. The species Quelite produced the highest amount of green biomass with 26 572 kg ha-1 in the first pruning and 62 666 kg ha-1 in the second pruning. This same species also produced the best edible dry biomass yields in the first and second pruning with 3 954 kg ha-1 and 11 505 kg ha-1 respectively, the Marango species had a green biomass production of 8 951 kg ha-1 in the first pruning, decreasing in the second pruning to 5 350 kg ha-1. The highest percentages of survival in the first pruning were obtained by the Quelite species with 100 %. Five months later this same species presented yields of 98 %, being classified as very good. Marango presented survival rates of 95 % and 79 %. The biological agents found did not cause damage to the Quelite plants but in Marango they were severe and affected the biomass production and survival of the plants.

In the country, pollution related to socio-economic activities and natural processes affects the quality of water for human consumption. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of water in sources used for domestic use in communities of the municipality of El Viejo, with the purpose of generating recommendations that contribute to reducing the risk of diseases of water origin.  In 2020, the study was carried out in 14 communities of El Viejo, as part of the Collaboration Agreement between the Universidad Nacional Agraria and the Irish Catholic Agencyfor Development (Trocaire). The qualitative study evaluated the quality of water for human consumption, using 10 physico-chemical parameters (using indicator tapes and HACH multimeter) and two microbiological parameters (using Phatoscreen and Readycult Coliforms) in 12 drilled wells that supply mini-aqueducts and eight wells dug by hand for family or community use. The sources studied supply 1 496 families (5 760 people). The values obtained from the physical-chemical parameters indicate that water from most sources is acceptable for consumption, according to the Water Quality Standards for Human Consumption (CAPRE Regional Standard) and the World Health Organization Guidelines for the Quality of Water for Human Consumption. However, to reduce high values of hardness and salinity in some wells, it is suggested to treat the water intended for consumption. From the point of view of biological quality, between 75% (July sampling) and 85% of the sources (November sampling), water consumption posed a health risk due to contamination with bacteria of the coliform group and/or Escherichia coli, which cause diarrhoeal diseases. The presence of phosphate, ammonium and/or nitrate in several of the sources shows a trend of contamination by organic and inorganic waste, washed away by water from surrounding areas. The results suggest the need to develop the Water Security Plan for each source, in order to ensure the application of good practices in the supply of water for human consumption.

The disease known as bacterial blight of rice is caused by Burkholderia glumae, Burkholderia gladiolii and the blight of rice seedlings caused by Burkholderia plantarii, are bacteria considered important in rice cultivation (Oryza sativa L.). The effects have increased in recent years causing large annual economic losses in the countries that produce this grain. The objective of this research was to identify, through phenotypic and molecular tests, Burkholderia species in rice panicles (Oryza sativa L.). The collection of samples was carried out in the municipality of Sébaco, Matagalpa in the TAI-NIC Experimental Center and farm Virginia, Agricola Miramontes in the department of Boaco and farm La Doña, municipality of Malacatoya, Granada. Bacteria were isolated from panicles with symptoms of the disease and species identification was performed by biochemical tests (carbohydrates and differentiation). Confirmation of the Burkholderia species was carried out using the molecular technique PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). The isolates of B. gladiolii in the King B medium presented grayish white or yellowish colonies, producing the non-fluorescent diffuse yellow pigment, while B. plantarii showed yellow, translucent, and convex, non-fluorescent colonies, in the case of B. cepacia colonies were translucent, convex, non-fluorescent. Identification with biochemical tests showed the presence of 18 positive isolates for B. gladiolii, two isolates for B. plantarii and one positive for B. cepacia. With the PCR technique, 18 positive samples were identified for B. gladiolii that amplified 479 bp fragments and two positive samples for B. plantarii with 597 bp fragments. In the case of B. glumae, it was not identified by phenotypic or molecular tests.

Planting systems influence crop response in the final product. The objective of this research was to determine the influence of the double furrow planting system and single furrow planting on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed yield. The research was carried out during the dry season in the period from February to April 2019 at the bean experimental and development center La Compañía of the Nicaraguan Institute of Agricultural Technology, located in San Marcos, Carazo, Nicaragua. La Compañía is located at an altitude of 470 meters above sea level with an average temperature of 24 °C and annual rainfall between 1 200 and 1 500 mm. A paired plot design was used, comparing plot A (double furrow) with plot B (single furrow). The statistical analysis was a Student's t-test. The cultivar used was INTA Rojo Extrema Sequía, generated by the Nicaraguan Institute of Agricultural Technology. The treatments were two planting systems, the first with a double furrow with 80 cm between rows and 40 cm between rows, the second with a single furrow at 60 cm between rows; both with 12 seeds per linear meter. The variables evaluated were number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod and yield in kg ha-1. There are no statistical differences in yield and its components, so it is concluded that yield and yield components are similar regardless of the planting system.