Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

In the country, pollution related to socio-economic activities and natural processes affects the quality of water for human consumption. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of water in sources used for domestic use in communities of the municipality of El Viejo, with the purpose of generating recommendations that contribute to reducing the risk of diseases of water origin.  In 2020, the study was carried out in 14 communities of El Viejo, as part of the Collaboration Agreement between the Universidad Nacional Agraria and the Irish Catholic Agencyfor Development (Trocaire). The qualitative study evaluated the quality of water for human consumption, using 10 physico-chemical parameters (using indicator tapes and HACH multimeter) and two microbiological parameters (using Phatoscreen and Readycult Coliforms) in 12 drilled wells that supply mini-aqueducts and eight wells dug by hand for family or community use. The sources studied supply 1 496 families (5 760 people). The values obtained from the physical-chemical parameters indicate that water from most sources is acceptable for consumption, according to the Water Quality Standards for Human Consumption (CAPRE Regional Standard) and the World Health Organization Guidelines for the Quality of Water for Human Consumption. However, to reduce high values of hardness and salinity in some wells, it is suggested to treat the water intended for consumption. From the point of view of biological quality, between 75% (July sampling) and 85% of the sources (November sampling), water consumption posed a health risk due to contamination with bacteria of the coliform group and/or Escherichia coli, which cause diarrhoeal diseases. The presence of phosphate, ammonium and/or nitrate in several of the sources shows a trend of contamination by organic and inorganic waste, washed away by water from surrounding areas. The results suggest the need to develop the Water Security Plan for each source, in order to ensure the application of good practices in the supply of water for human consumption.

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis, Sims) is a tropical fruit that belongs to the Passifloraceae family, in Nicaragua it is planted mainly in Matagalpa, this study was carried out in order to contribute to the scientific knowledge of insects associated with passion fruit, it was established between April and September 2016 in the Molino Sur Sébaco community, Matagalpa, the objective of the study was to identify, calculate the abundance, richness, diversity and feeding habit of the main families of insects associated with passion fruit. The study was carried out on four farms, using three pitfall traps and three gallon traps with molasses and the observational method. The main families of insects found were: Formicidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae, Tachinidae, Ichneumonidae, Lonchaeidae, Pompilidae, Apidae, Tephritidae and Scarabaeidae. Insect abundance, richness and diversity were calculated, the latter was estimated using the Simpson index. It was found that the greatest abundance and dominance of insects associated with the cultivation of passion fruit was found in the El Conflicto farm, but not the most diverse in number of species. Regarding the richness of insects, ten orders, forty-eight families, sixty-nine genera and 23 identified species were found, among the main eating habits of the insect species associated with the cultivation of passion fruit were, phytophagous, saprophagous, nectarivorous, predatory, polynivore, defoliator and parasitoid.

The wood construction industry generates large volumes of waste such as rubble, colocho, sawdust, etc., which are not being used since with them we can make or finish a certain product, by virtue of throwing them away, burning them or selling them. The purpose of the study is to characterize the wood waste generated in carpentry workshops in the municipality of Camoapa. The research was of a non-experimental type, for the collection and analysis of primary information, a semi-structured survey was applied to the owners of ten carpentry workshops. The variables evaluated were: wood residues, use of residues and alternatives for use. The data were analyzed using frequency distribution and histograms, for the design of alternatives the SWOT matrix (Weaknesses, Threats, Strengths, Opportunities). It was found that the types of wood waste generated are sawdust in greater quantity, dust, cuttings and colochos in a smaller percentage, they are collected weekly and sometimes daily. The volume of waste generated per cleaning time ranges between 2 kg and 9 kg. 60 % of the workshops make a selection of the waste produced, those who do not argue that they cannot waste their time in this task. 50 % of the carpentry workshops use the waste to complement pieces of other products, on the other hand, the other percentage sell it to housewives and stables. The sale prices range from USD 0.031 a USD 0.093 per kg. 90 % of the owners of carpentry shops said they were interested in being trained to take advantage of wood waste. In conclusion, the waste generated in the carpentry workshops is not used, there is no selection and storage, they are all mixed in one place. An alternative is to use them to make by-products, from a business perspective that generates foreign exchange and reduces production costs.

Mangroves are unique ecosystems that grow in brackish waters on the borders of tropical coastlines; represent an enormous scientific, ecological, economic and cultural value. In Nicaragua they represent a great source of economic resources for local populations. The species most affected by logging are Rizophora mangle L, Rhizophora harrisonii Leechm and Rizhophora racemosa G. Mey. Because these species have similar phenotypic characteristics, their separation as a species is difficult. Therefore, aims to this work was to morphophysiologically differentiate the three species of the genus Rhizophora. The foliar samples of the species R. mangle, R. harrisonii and R. racemosa from Juan Venado Island were used. Morphological comparisons and analyzes of pigments and tocopherols were performed. The activity of the photoprotective systems turned out to be highly variable intraspecifically. Total tocopherol content was very different among the three species, with R. racemosa being the highest concentration and R. harrisonii the lowest. The role of g-tocopherol in salinity tolerance could be responsible for the interspecific differences. The different tocopherol composition could be used as a biochemical parameter for interspecific distinction.

Guayaba (Psidium guajava L.) is a fruit from tropical and subtropical countries, it grows in various conditions of hot and dry climates. The main objective of this study was the identification of the main insects associated with the crop of guayaba, the study was developed between the months of September to December 2018 in the fruit section of the National University of Agriculture in Catacamas, Honduras, for this research, traps were placed to capture insects, among them, the Pitfall-traps, and the McPhail trap. 10 sampling sites were chosen, where the traps were placed. The distance between sampling points was 96 square meters between Pitfall-traps and at a height of 1.5 meters for the McPhail trap. The collection of samples for each trap was carried out every 15 days, identifying the insects found by each type of trap during the months of study, 13 orders, 40 families, 45 genders and 37 species of insects associated to guayaba were found, with 10 different insect feeding habits. The families with the greatest abundance and richness in guayaba were: Muscidae, Lauxaniidae, Tephritidae, Apidae and Formicidae, the main feeding habits were phytophagous, saprophytic, predatory, parasitoid, nectarivore, hematophagous, omnivore, detritivore. Insect diversity was estimated using the Shannom-weaver diversity index, the mean diversity index found was 1.061.

Food production increasingly demands the use of a greater amount of resources, which constitutes a challenge for researchers and institutions related to the agricultural sector. This leads to changes in production processes by intensifying production areas without overexploiting natural resources. The present work aims to assess the importance of Silvopastoral systems as an alternative in livestock systems, facing the agroecological transition. For this, a review of literature related to the negative effect of livestock on the environment, animal production, silvopastoral systems, forage plants and agroecological livestock of the last ten years was carried out, where current trends are defined in the context of efficiency in the application of sustainable criteria. It is concluded that the application of sustainable production strategies conserves biological diversity and preserves natural resources, likewise the implementation of Silvopastoral systems in livestock reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the productivity and efficiency of the system, becoming an option for the producer.

The disease known as bacterial blight of rice is caused by Burkholderia glumae, Burkholderia gladiolii and the blight of rice seedlings caused by Burkholderia plantarii, are bacteria considered important in rice cultivation (Oryza sativa L.). The effects have increased in recent years causing large annual economic losses in the countries that produce this grain. The objective of this research was to identify, through phenotypic and molecular tests, Burkholderia species in rice panicles (Oryza sativa L.). The collection of samples was carried out in the municipality of Sébaco, Matagalpa in the TAI-NIC Experimental Center and farm Virginia, Agricola Miramontes in the department of Boaco and farm La Doña, municipality of Malacatoya, Granada. Bacteria were isolated from panicles with symptoms of the disease and species identification was performed by biochemical tests (carbohydrates and differentiation). Confirmation of the Burkholderia species was carried out using the molecular technique PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). The isolates of B. gladiolii in the King B medium presented grayish white or yellowish colonies, producing the non-fluorescent diffuse yellow pigment, while B. plantarii showed yellow, translucent, and convex, non-fluorescent colonies, in the case of B. cepacia colonies were translucent, convex, non-fluorescent. Identification with biochemical tests showed the presence of 18 positive isolates for B. gladiolii, two isolates for B. plantarii and one positive for B. cepacia. With the PCR technique, 18 positive samples were identified for B. gladiolii that amplified 479 bp fragments and two positive samples for B. plantarii with 597 bp fragments. In the case of B. glumae, it was not identified by phenotypic or molecular tests.

With the objective of identifying fungi associated with moringa seeds in the state of Monagas, this research was conducted with material obtained from four localities, Caicara de Maturín, Cedeño municipality and seed banks from the Las Avenidas, Brisas del Aeropuerto and Terrenos de Guarapiche, in the Maturín municipality. By origin, the seeds were characterized in physical and intrinsic aspects and 250 units were randomly selected for diagnosis; 125 sown directly in humid chambers, without disinfection, in Petri dishes with absorbent paper, moistened with sterile distilled water and 125 disinfected in a 10 % v/v solution of sodium hypochlorite 3.5 % for 2 minutes, both groups of seeds, incubated in chambers under laboratory conditions. A randomized block design with a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement was used, with five repetitions and five capsules per experimental unit. The frequency of appearance of each fungal colony and the percentage of seed germination at 5, 10 and 15 days after sowing were quantified. The results were analyzed and interpreted by non-parametric statistics. Aspergillus sp. was detected Rhizopus sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Monilia sp. and Trichoderma sp., being Aspergillus sp., the most frequent fungal isolate. Recently harvested seeds presented more frequently Fusarium; while in stored seeds the genera Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Penicillium were observed. Aspergillus and Rhizopus caused 100 % infestation levels in seeds without any germination power. Trichoderma sp., was only detected in the treatment without seed disinfection, with a low percentage of detection.

Planting systems influence crop response in the final product. The objective of this research was to determine the influence of the double furrow planting system and single furrow planting on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed yield. The research was carried out during the dry season in the period from February to April 2019 at the bean experimental and development center La Compañía of the Nicaraguan Institute of Agricultural Technology, located in San Marcos, Carazo, Nicaragua. La Compañía is located at an altitude of 470 meters above sea level with an average temperature of 24 °C and annual rainfall between 1 200 and 1 500 mm. A paired plot design was used, comparing plot A (double furrow) with plot B (single furrow). The statistical analysis was a Student's t-test. The cultivar used was INTA Rojo Extrema Sequía, generated by the Nicaraguan Institute of Agricultural Technology. The treatments were two planting systems, the first with a double furrow with 80 cm between rows and 40 cm between rows, the second with a single furrow at 60 cm between rows; both with 12 seeds per linear meter. The variables evaluated were number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod and yield in kg ha-1. There are no statistical differences in yield and its components, so it is concluded that yield and yield components are similar regardless of the planting system.

Learning styles refer to how learners perceive, interact with and respond to the learning environment, as a result of heredity, their own life experiences and the demands of the current environment; also to the characteristic affective, cognitive and physiological behavior. The objective of this research is to identify the learning styles shown by the students of the "preparatory functional area for training in agricultural and environmental sciences" of the UNA Camoapa Campus, taught in the face-to-face modality. It is based on Kolb's theoretical model and follows a quantitative-descriptive research methodology. The analysis is approached from the application of the Kolb Learning Styles Test instrument to sixty first-year students of the year 2020. Among the results, it was found that the predominant learning style of the students is the assimilator, characterized by their thought. sequentially, analysis and synthesis of information, and its value system rewards logic and rationality. Since students learn more effectively when they are taught using different pedagogical strategies based on their predominant learning styles, it is incumbent on teachers to structure learning situations that are consistent with all styles.