Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The aim of this study is to explore the scaling relationship between degree centrality and citation-based performance of countries articles on Strategic Management. The results show a scaling relationship between Impact and degree centrality with scaling exponent of 1,28 ± 0,07. This result suggests that the Impact of a countries’ articles on strategic management increases non-linearly with degree centrality 21,28 o 2,42 times when the country doubles its degree centrality. The results suggest that the increase of the participation of countries in international collaborative networks on strategic management research is a positive strategy to foster the international visibility and impact on strategic management research.

Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for humans and one their natural sources are fruits of Myrciaria dubia. But this plant shows wide variation in vitamin C. To help clarify the biochemical basis of this variation, we plan aims to determine whether the enzymes L-Galactose dehydrogenase (L-GalDH) and L-Gulone-1,4-Lactone dehydrogenase (L-GuLDH) are presents in leaves and fruits (pulp and peel) of camu-camu and compare catalytic activity of both enzymes in pulp of fruits harvested from plants that produce high and low content of vitamin C. Leaves and fruits were obtained from six plants (three producing low and three that produce high content of vitamin C) in the germplasm collection of INIA. Vitamin C was extracted and quantified by HPLC. Subsequently, from both groups of plants, was partially purified enzymes and measured by triplicate their catalytic activity by means of spectrophotometry. Both L-GalDH and L-GuLDH were detected in leaves, pulp and peel. Both enzymes showed differences in their catalytic activities among the tissues analyzed (p < 0.05). By comparing the activity of these enzymes between plants that produces fruits with high (2258±217 mg Vit. C/100g pulpa) and low (1570±46 mg Vit. C/100g pulpa) content of vitamin C significant differences were found (p <0.05) between groups. Being higher the catalytic activity of L-GalDH and L-GuLDH in fruits with high content in vitamin C and showed lower catalytic activity in fruits with low content in this vitamin. In addition, kinetic assays performed with the L-GuLDH of camu-camu showed that this enzyme has a high affinity (Km = 2.37 M y Vmax = 9.23 mol.mg prot-1 .min-1) for its substrate L-Gulone-1,4-lactone. In conclusion, the enzymes L-galactose dehydrogenase and L-gulone-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase are present in leaves and fruits of camu-camu, which indicates that the two biosynthetic pathways of vitamin C proposals for plants (pathway of Smirnoff-Wheeler and pathway of Wolucka) determine production of vitamin C in M. dubia. Furthermore, experimental evidences suggest that the accumulation of vitamin C in the pulp of the fruits of camu-camu depends at least of two processes: in situ biosynthesis and transport from other tissues with biosynthetic capacity. Furthermore, it is evident that catalytic activity of L-GalDH and L-GulDH influence in vitamin C content of pulp, so that a higher catalytic activity of both enzymes is associated with more vitamin C content in this tissue.

The research focuses on environmental problems caused by improper handling of hazardous materials and wastes from major mining activities in the Amazon, especially the informal gold held in a small scale in the area of the lower Napo [1]. Our purpose is to identify the presence of mercury in the stock from fish consumption and its confirmation in the Napo River, we are also working on prevention to improve the quality of human life while raising awareness of the need for ongoing monitoring of the environment to improve and protect the lives of the residents of Santa Clotilde - Mazan and other exposed areas. The research is applied - descriptive, cross-sectional unexperimental design [2]. The study area is located in the Napo region of Loreto, has four seasons: (Mazan, Nuevo Libertad, San Luis, Santa Clotilde). Was considered to evaluate water and fish,from the river Napo. The quantification of mercury was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with hydride generator [3] Technical Officer: No. AOAC 977.15 [4]. Analysis report that the mercury content in fish is between 0.004 -1.936 mg/kg, and its average value and 0.607mg/kg water is between 0.023-0.027 mg/l, average value being 0.024 mg/l. However, in samples of fish species Lisa and Sabalo, went above the maximum allowable concentration (1.0 mg / kg of mercury) established by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) of the United States of America [5]. The average monthly consumption of fish at the local level is between 15 to 20 kg of fish per month. Obtaining 10,622.5 µg Hg / g monthly and 127,470 µg Hg /g, year according to the results. The retention of mercury by eating fish is to be determined; however the of Liquid mercury retention from consumption is 0.01% in gastrointestinal tract [6]. If in the gastrointestinal tract is held 0.01% of fish consumption, then according to that obtained 12,747 µg Hg will be retained in the body annually, which exceeds those allowed by the World Health Organization (WHO) of 0.0014 µg of Hg annual, and the content of mercury found in water exceeds the provisions of the National Standards-MINAM (0.0001 mg/L of Hg), even beating the report of the DIGESA. In Report No. 3527-06, 3527-07, 3527-12 (2003) and No. 3935 (2010), whose report is 0.00002 mg / L of Hg, values obtained from sampling points of Santa Clotilde, San Luis and Mazan, in the Napo River basin [7]. Finally, we conclude that there is significant presence of mercury in water and fish from the river Napo. This also confirmed that mercury concentrations in the monitored stations, are higher than the National Environmental Quality Standards and it urges a broader assessment, taking into account other bio-indicators (hair, blood, urine), we confirm the presence of this toxic element in the food chain and ecosystem, it is gives us the opportunity to design, propose and implement monitoring strategies in our Amazon rivers at risk for the development of informal mining activities.

Our objective was to determine the effect of postcoital contraception and ethanol extract of the leaves of Desmodium molliculum (HBK). DC Holtzmann in adult female rats. The leaves were collected in the valley of Baños del Inca, Cajamarca department, which is used as a diuretic, purifying the blood, prevent bleeding, inflammatory urinary tract, liver and kidneys. We used 80 female rats were randomly selected according to the inclusion criteria, and divided into 2 groups, each consisting of 5 subgroups of 8 male rats and female rats for pairing (1 male: 2 females). Group 1: 40 rats to evaluate the contraceptive effect of the extract of Desmodium molliculum a 100mg/ml solution orally at 200mg/kg, 600mg/kg and 1000mg/kg. Two groups as saline controls and 15mg/kg dose medroxyprogesterone. Group 2: 40 rats to evaluate the effect of post-coital Desmodium molliculum extract a 100mg/ml solution orally at 200mg/kg dose, 600 mg / kg and 1000mg/kg. Two control groups were used and Levonorgestrel saline at doses of 50ug/kg. The contraceptive effect was assessed by quantifying indicators pregnancy, number of locations and number of fetuses; the effect was evaluated post-coital pregnancy indicators, number of implantations, number of live fetuses and dead fetuses number. Phytochemical screening shows that the samples under study show a considerable amount of secondary metabolites, highlighting significant amounts of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, steroids, alkaloids and tannins were in greater amounts in the ethanol extract. Evaluation of rats receiving a dose of alcoholic solution 200mg/kg.600mg/kg, 1000mg/kg decreased pregnancy, fetuses and the number deployments and postcoital contraceptive activity. Descriptive analyzes were performed and statistical tests of significance ANOVA and Tukey (p <0.05). Concluding that under experimental conditions the results show that the ethanol extract of Desmodium molliculum effect and postcoital contraception in female rats Holtzmann.

In the area circunlacustre of the Titicaca’s basin, we realized the analysis of potential evapotranspiration based on climatic elements, It had the objectives to: Determining a regional equation of potential evapotranspiration (Evp) with tank evaporation method, calculating the value of tank evaporation coefficient (K), to estimate whit more accurately, easily and at lower cost water demand of crops of economic importance to the area, avoiding excesses and deficiencies in the implementation of water irrigation, estimated by other methods less accurate, and the description of the behavior of potential evapotranspiration that area, for this purpose we used information from the meteorological stations of Puno, Huancané, Juli and Desaguadero. To this end took the monthly averages of the following climatic elements: Maximum temperature, minimumtemperature, relative humidity, wind speed, hours of sun and evaporation of the years 1981 to 2007. The potential evapotranspiration was determined by the method of Penman Monteith update, which is more accurate [2], which was compared with evaporation and subsequently determined K, for each season, month and year in question. Of the previous analysis we will say, that, for each station K, it is the average of the values of Ks of the periods indicated previously, corresponding for Puno 0.78, for Huancané 0.85, for Juli 0.79 and for Desaguadero 0.79. Therefore in the circunlacustre zone, K is 0.80, this value is within the ranges established K ranging from 0.40 to 0.85 [2], then the regional equation describing the Evp of the circunlacustre zone is Evp = 0.80 * Ev. The estimated values of Evp of each weather station were compared and plotted, finding that there is very similar behavior in seasons of the year, correlating with the behavior of plants native to that zone with respect to the vegetative period and to the consumption of water, indicating that evapotranspiration calculation is consistent with the reality. The Evapotranspiration values in the circunlacustre zone are 3.55, 2.92, 3.16 and 4.11 mm / day in summer, fall, winter and spring respectively.

Carbon dioxide (CO2), is found in nature in a gaseous state. It is a colorless, odorless, and is a key part of the carbon cycle, its concentration in the air is 0.03%. CO2 is one of the basic components in the homeostasis of human body and is a result of cellular metabolism. CO2 is 20 times more soluble in water than in air and according to many scientific studies do not leading to no clinically significant embolism. In the blood circulation the carbon dioxide is transported to the lungs by three routes: 65% as bicarbonate ion, 25% as Co2 bound to proteins, especially the hemoglobin and plasma CO2 dissolved in 10%. [1]. In European countries like France and Germany, from the Middle Ages, are known the healing properties of carbon dioxide on circulation problems and skin, and since 1920 has been applied subcutaneous CO2 for medical treatment [2]. Current studies demonstrate the effect of carbon dioxide in blood microcirculation [3-6] and its effect on collagen increased after intradermal injection of the gas [7]. This healing process induced by CO2 is mediated by nitric oxide [8-10]. I present two cases of patients who came to the consulting room due stab wounds in the face both in superciliary region with a time of disease 10 days the first patient and 30 days the second. Both healthy men without contraindications for treatment and both wounds were sutured, showing fresh scar slightly depressed. Carbon dioxide was applied subcutaneously with a technique called Carboxytherapy, using Carboxiderm 1C equipment produced by Tonederm (Brazil) 30G/13 mm needles. The CO2 used was provided by Praxair, with a conformity certificate of 99.99% purity (certificate nº 12/000063). The subcutaneous and intradermal application was therefore in the wound area as a peripheral area thereof, to a maximum flow of 50 cc / min and a maximum of application volume of 300 cc. The application rate was 1 session every 1-4 weeks depending on the patient's progress. The results showed improvement in the skin, with attenuation of the initial scar, faster and better final result in the case of the most recent wound. The results agree with those found for Nach et al [11], in terms of improving skin appearance and decreased scarring. Whereas subcutaneous application of CO2, known as carboxytherapy, is safe and effective is a method that should be considered as a treatment of recent and old scars to stimulate a proper process of skin regenerationand healing therefore, with a final result attenuation of residual scars.

Classify a type of climate is a challenge in medium and low forest where variations occur only under the influence of the growth of cities or deforestation processes and therefore the selection of climates methodologies are not sufficient to define microclimas [1]. So, the main objective of the research was to implement a proposed micro-level according to the predominant vegetation type in the Itaya River basin, which is flanked by two major rivers Amazon and Nanay. We worked with 47 weather stations were located inside and outside the study area. Thermohygrometers were used for monitoring digital sampling points. The methodology used was based on Thornthwaite (1949) [2], it was available for the monthly values of evapotranspiration, precipitation and temperatures of 35 consecutive series. To make the proposal to complement micro-level variables were recorded as thermal range, minimum temperature and relative humidity. Determining a total of 19 microclimates. The results show that the microclimates depend on the type of vegetation, especially aguajales type where there are fewer of microclimates and are homogeneous, while in hills dominate over thermal fluctuations and finally heterogeneous deforested areas there are a variety of microclimates heterogeneous to their environment. So this climate classification system complementary to the traditional methodology for characterizing micro-climates in the lowlands.

High percentages of the yearly total precipitation concentration in a few very rainy days can increase the potential of erosion, slope instability and risks of floods, these problems are common in Peru. So it is important to know about the daily precipitation. In this paper, an investigation of the spatial and temporal patterns of daily precipitation concentration, in central Andes of Perú, by Concentration index (CI) that evaluates the varying weight of daily precipitation, the contribution of the days of greatest rainfall to the total amount, is presented. The index is applied to exponential curves such as Y = aX exp(bX), which adjust the accumulated percentages of precipitation Y contributed by the accumulated percentage of days X on which it took place, in the period 1964-2004, with which it is possible to generate concentration surfaces daily pluviometric. The highest concentrations recorded in the Mantaro river valley, may be associated with the dynamics of the winds as the jet stream in South America, leading into the valley from the north and south, where 25% of rainy days account for 60% or more of the total number of days with rain.  

Immigrant networks are increasingly complex. Today they have become multiethnic and transnational. These networks provide the framework on which immigrants develop their socialization processes and ethnic identification. This new complexity requires the development of new methodologies and concepts for analysis beyond qualitative data and metaphors, to more objective and sociometric data. How to study networks of immigrants in this new complexity? How to identify the processes and dynamics of change? In this paper we propose to use the networks as sociometric analysis tool beyond prevailing hermeneutic uses, and develop new variables for the study of "ethnicity practice" developed by immigrants in transnational space. The survey results are based on two research projects developed with groups of American and African immigrants in Barcelona, Spain, by the Laboratory of Personal Networks and Communities Department of Anthropology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona - UAB.

A new PLA2, with myotoxic activity, was purified from de venom of Micrurus spixii, with a high degree of purity and molecular homogeneity by two chromatographic steps: molecular exclusion chromatography G-75 (1 cm x 60 cm) and high performance liquid chromatography pressure reverse phase (RP-HPLC). The SDS-PAGE electrophoresis shows a molecular mass ~ 14 kDa, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF with a molecular mass of 14149,005 Da. This new PLA2 showed a potent myotoxic local effect (intramuscular way) and systemic too (tail vein) in mice, at a concentration of 20ug/ml compared to other snake of the same gender and high inflammatory activity at a concentration of 5ug / ml. The reproducibility of biological activity through the pharmacological effects is only possible with the use of chemically homogeneous fractions that keep the integrity of the biology activity.