Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Participatory research is an adequate methodology to promote changes at a local level that can affect a more extensive and innovative form of social organization. Beyond the theoretical bases, Participatory Action Research represents an eminently practical methodology, since the application of different techniques and tools in the daily life is not only useful, but also is necessary for the incidence of citizenship in the construction of their space and of their living conditions. In this article, we present the change of approach that Participatory Research assumes compared to other social research methodologies, highlighting the way of approaching knowledge of social reality (research), its transforming character (action) and the subject-subject relationship (participation ) that it raises, understanding that there is not a single methodological model, but a set of techniques at the service of citizens to achieve a greater incidence in public decisions, but that share some basic principles on which Participatory Research is based. On the other hand, we stick to a specific project that takes place in the municipality of San Juan de Aznalfarache, located at the entrance to Seville from the Huelva road. Due to its geographical location, this town has been a magnet for many people from very different countries, among which there are more than 79 nationalities, highlighting the diverse and intercultural nature of the municipality. In this sense, it is essential to apply integration policies that are built in a participatory manner and achieve the highest degree of consensus possible to define the conditions of the place where we want. Starting from the epistemological and methodological bases of this proposal, an experience of citizen participation is presented through a concrete practice that is being developed in San Juan de Aznalfarache (Seville) for the elaboration of the Social Inclusion Plan of the municipality. We emphasize in this sense the eminently practical nature of this methodology.  

This article gather a research experience carried out with Kichwa women from the Ecuadorian Amazon. Collecting the theoretical and methodological lessons learned from the experience "Construction of the indigenous women's vote from collective identities", the basic approaches of the decolonial approach, as well as the PAR and its limitations, were discussed, in order to propose a model to contribute to future PAR investigations with indigenous women. Among the main results were the decoloniality and the IAP, they have meeting places that strengthen the research practice. The context, methodological adaptations, the design of tools or techniques, the interaction of the participants, the reflection and the recognition of the practice were identified as transversal aspects.  

The article shows the potential of application of the participative methodologies of investigation and social planning for a participative management of the knowledge and the development of intervention strategies in the territory. In this context, an investigation based on action-participation research methodologies implemented in a business initiative of a locality of the Valencian Community is shown. Thus, the influential nature and ability to integrate knowledge, knowledge and learning of the various social and institutional actors favor the promotion and development of strategies capable of responding to the different existing or detected problems. In this sense, it should be noted that in the scientific literature there are still few studies that specifically address participatory action research in the business sector. This becomes a novel contribution of scientific interest to the article. In this context, the text presents a work methodology and the design of a tool that involves the inclusion of negotiations and plural participation in the research process. As well as the subsequent transfer of the different proposals to a matrix that allows to visualize and serve as a guide for decision making. The work also gives an account of the evaluation of the initiatives implemented over time from the reflective processes of the subjects, making an analysis of the scope and limitations of its methodology both in the business sector and in the social structure of the territory.  

 The purpose of the article is to address some recurrent and alternative problems for the sample design of medium-sized populations in the field of elite studies. The paper starts from the classical debate of the two great types of sampling based on the qualitative and quantitative methodological-paradigms. A brief review aims to show the existence of a study area of samples of medium size (between 90 and 300-390 cases) where the boundaries between both becomes blurred and therefore it is pertinent to discuss the possibility of using samples with methods mixed The field of study of the elites is presented as a fertile area for the development of mixed methods and in particular in the sampling procedure. Finally, some contributions from the experience and practice of research in the field of political and economic elites are described to solve and look for alternatives to improve samples in medium-sized populations, namely: a) the specification of objective criteria in the empirical construction of the object of study, b) the application of expert judgment for the validation of the sample, c) the use of expert peers as a research instrument. 

To consider truly involved and transformative participatory methodologies a design of 8 jumps is proposed based on the case of Entrevías-El Pozo (Madrid). The articulation of participatory methodologies, as a paradigm, with other techniques such as group meetings or sociograms, they imply the involvement of the subjects in the design and implementation of the research itself, as well as in its action-oriented organization. In this design it is about playing with the notions of "open to close" and "close to open" (Villasante, 1994) that allow various processes, through techniques such as self-reflection, initial negotiation, the map strategic, active listening with multi-slogans, social creativity workshops, the prioritization of proposals, the self-organizational structure and the overflow. To do this, a description of the Entrevías-El Pozo process is made, following the aforementioned design. This case serves as a reference for the methodological development of the 8 jumps.  

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This work analyzes some difficulties found in the practice of collaborative research in rural areas in Mexico, each with its historical peculiarities and passed through the application of public policies or economic policies. The researcher's activist participation has multiple advantages in that it applies development concepts outside the community environment that are sometimes not reflected by the protagonist actors. The objective of the text is to reflect on the collaborative research practice, exposing the successes and failures of the process and the challenges to overcome. As part of the research experience, the concept of social intervention is discussed, which is associated with collaborative research, in the center of participation is understood by the subjects. In this text are described the concepts and methodological aspects raised by the specialists in the subject of social intervention, then associate it with collaborative research with a human rights approach. The two collaborative research experiences focussed are described, and we reflect on the accompaniment process and the reflections on the decisions regarding the objectives, methodology and results, as well as the experience of the dialogue with the collectives with the collaboration for knowledge.   

The study aimed to characterize the urban network, model travel and make projections within the urban area in the city of Estelí, through household surveys and surveys of ups and downs. The urban route belonging to the Rosario was selected because it is the one that runs throughout the city. The following statistical travel model was obtained (number of trips made in one day) depends on age, income and the number of people living in a home, under the formula Y = 1.11 + 0.01 (age) - 5.57 * 10 -5 (income) +0.06 (number of people in the household) with p-value = 0.03. The 2.43 km stretch of road between the NACSA Tobacco Company and Las Segovias supermarket is the one with the highest demand with a value of 222,125 passengers per month. The most visited points are Universidad UNAN Managua FAREM - Estelí, tobacco factories and the San Juan de Dios Hospital, within the 53 existing stops. A proposal for a route change was also made in the principal avenues of the Estelícity, to reduce traffic congestion and a replacement analysis of electric bus units to improve supply, reduce environmental pollution and obtain better benefits; Economically speaking, the project proved convenient because a cost-benefit ratio of 1.35 and a net present value of C $ 56,951,947.10 was obtained, all with a total investment of C $ 59,427,675.00, recoverable in 1 year, 6 months and 8 days. In general, if the proposed models and solutions are applied, it will be possible to improve the urban transport system of the city of Estelí, increasing the quality of life of the inhabitants.

The study was carried out with the technical support of the Ministry of Development, Industry and Commerce (MIFIC) and the Nicaraguan Chamber of tobacco growers (CNT). The objective of the research was to show the relationship between the tobacco leaf produced in Nicaragua with the processes of pre-industry and industry, environmental variables. Qualitative and quantitative methods were applied to the collection of information. For the analysis of the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. In the pre-industry and industry for the processing of the tobacco leaf the following stages are carried out: reception and quality control of the leaf of optimum range (20-30ºC), tobacco, fermentation of the tobacco leaves, aging, destemming, cigar making, packaging. It is important to highlight that the fermentation stage is considered a control point for the conservation and development of the quality of the attributes of the tobacco leaves (aroma, flavor, color, texture, combustion, ash color). The Estelí tobacco leaf has strong flavors, aroma with light coffee notes, dark brown tobacco color, thick texture and therefore slow burning rate and generates gray ash; On the other hand, the tobacco leaves of Condega produce strong and sweet flavors, aroma with light chocolate notes, tobacco color that goes from dark red to dark brown, medium texture, burning rate that goes from medium to slow and ash color Gray. The tobacco leaf from Jalapa and Ometepe are characterized by soft flavors and aromas related to the aroma of flowers and leather; The leaves are of medium to thin texture and slow burning speed, tobacco colors with light shades ranging from red to light red and white ash color. These differences in the attributes of tobacco allow companies to create different mixtures for the production of cigars with various flavors, aromas and colors. It should be noted that cigars are made entirely by hand and the experience of employees influences quality, which are recognized internationally and are currently positioned among the best cigars in the world. The environmental variables that affect the attributes of the tobacco leaf are mainly temperature and soil.