Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Este monográfico responde a necesidad de observar, describir, analizar, comparar y evaluar las posibilidades, los retos y los desafíos que emergen en el prolífico intercambio entre la comunicación, el periodismo, la tecnología y la denominada “inteligencia exhibida por máquinas” o inteligencia artificial. En este escenario de cambios tan acelerados, la investigación y la divulgación desde la academia, en colaboración con diferentes medios y proyectos, resulta decisiva. Ofrecemos 6 artículos de investigación que, desde diferentes áreas y miradas, nos aproximan a ese lugar de encuentro entre el periodismo y la inteligencia artificial. El monográfico está coordinado por los profesores José Miguel Túñez López, de la Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, y Santiago Tejedor Calvo, de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.

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The results presented are from a continuous training program directed towards early childhood teachers in Santa Marta, whose fundamental purpose was to cause changes in the educational practices of the teachers for the benefit of the children’s development. The program was designed in a period of six months, with the participation of 60 teachers from 8 different educational institution directed by the Colombian Institute of Family Welfare (ICBF in Spanish), benefiting approximately 1,370 kids with ages between 6 months and 5 years. Supported in a model of action-investigation, we realized conceptual and methodological revision formative workshops for working with kids these ages, followed by the planning and implementation of ludical activities in each school. All this with the permanent escort of the investigators’ team before and during the activity, which was filmed. As a result, important changes in the educational practices of the teachers, in relation with less frequent restrictive and directed education settings, along with a reduction in the group activities with the children. This implies a modification in the level of pedagogical intervention of the teachers, which brings along a change in the children’s participation.

The current common opinion has pointed out and reprobated the overwhelming misogyny of the traditional idea that maligned certain women at critical moments of the past centuries, calling them witches and conspiratorial enemies against the Christian faith through a diabolical pact and fantastic transgressive activities, such as flying night and at­tendance at covens. In this ideological and social construction, treaties against magic and superstitions collaborated directly. However, there is still a lack of analysis and discussion regarding the way in which demonological treaties linked women to magical practices and how that opinion was reproduced through different texts dedicated to control, as far as possible, any heterodox tendencie.

This paper analyzes one of the inquisitorial trials conducted by the Santo Oficio of Lima between 1699 and 1709. The pages 109 to 11 of the file 5.345 in the Lima Inquisition section of the AHN describe the personal characteristics of a woman whose knowledge, actions and social interactions reveal ethnic, cultural, and above all superstitious alliances, with urban magical practices. The fact she was from Cuzco, her trade as a spinner, and that she was mestiza exemplified the exchange and appropriations of the magic-religious prac­tices and expressions developed in the city. In each of her confessions, she related to her inquisitors the motilities, the knowledge and the skills acquired over the years, as her being mestiza allowed her move between the Hispanic and indigenous worlds, and, at the same time, carry with her a series of prejudices that facilitated a level of recognition among her peers. However, this same social recognition labelled her as a dangerous woman and, there­fore, a transgressor. Therefore, the paper details the dialogues, actions and expressions that assert the urban magical practices developed by subjects whose social position symbolizes, on the one hand, the magic-religious exchange between the different ethnic categories and, on the other, a threat to the inquisitorial authorities.

Between 1634 and 1636, the inquisitors found out a «conspiracy of witchcraft» in the Tribunal of the Holy Office in Cartagena de Indias. According to them, the con­spiracy consisted of the retractions of several female prisoners related to their previous confessions of having been involved witchcraft, while they were in the penance prison. The retractions threatened the Inquisition’s legitimacy insofar as they undermined the 1633 witchcraft trials. As a consequence, the inquisitors carried an exhaustive investigation to control and reveal the origin of the retractions and the development of the conspiracy. This article draws on the records of Rufina and Justa —two free mulatto sisters— who participated in the conspiracy. It explores the extent to which the architectural layout of the Inquisition’s prisons influenced the creation and rupture of the alliances that briefly allowed prisoners like Rufina and Justa to contest the legitimacy of their own witchcraft trials. In addition, it analyzes the physical challenges these women faced as prisoners, and analyze the inquisitors’ use of torture as a means to solve the conspiracy.

The presence of women in religious discourses is a well-studied issue, although more important emphasis has been placed on the powerful misogynistic topics that guide their representation, and less on their positive assessments. This article presents the re­sults of a brief rhetorical study of female representations in Mexican Colonial religious discourses, from one of the places of discourse where it is possible to observe more clearly its ideological dimension: the argumentatio, the place of proofs. Quintiliano had estab­lished three ways in which the exemplary comparison could take place in the discourse: in relation of similarity to the cause, in relation of dissimilarity, or the opposite example; most of the religious misogynistic topics —whose observation has been dominant in the studies in this regard— correspond technically to exemplary uses contrary to their cause, but this does not includes all the possibilities of female representation because there is a lack of important series of representations used as straight or similar examples, which no longer show the vices of women but their desirable virtues and social utility. In any case, the spaces for feminine virtue that we find in similar examples remain asphyxiating and unfair to women, although its observation allows to complete the framework of possibili­ties of female representation in religious discourses, and also allows to determine another way of rhetorical realization of these representations.

The article analyzes the satirical resources and the misogynistic discourse of the Sermon against women which circulated manuscript by the end of the 18th century and was denounced to the Inquisition of Mexico in 1795, as well as the arguments that the theologians designated by the Inquisitors as qualifiers took into count to suggest their prohibition. The objective of this essay is to determine if the discourse of the Church, rep­resented in this case by the opinion of the qualifiers and inquisitors, proposed arguments in defense of women and, in such case, which and of what kind are they?

This text aims to offer a methodological analysis for women’s discourse as «agents» in the colonial archive. We will try to rescue their voices not only as authors, but also as collaborators of the discourses written by men. Based on their apparent silence in the archive and the possible analysis of their voices, we will focus on how the inquisitorial attacks against women were concentrated in witches and beatas, women who didn’t fit in the female perfection’s models established by the European intelectuals. The colonies inherited the discourse of female domination based on the control of their sexuality and their appearance in public spaces. Finally, we will search some ideological keys that will led us to understand how the European discourse is transferred to the construction of the American colonies in the context of that «war against women» which took place at the beginning of the Early Modern period.