Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

In 2010, Sebastián Piñera (2010-2014) became the first rightwing President of Chile after the dictatorship. His approval fluctuated significantly, experiencing an overall downward decline. Under favorable economic conditions, declining presidential approval must be explained by things other than economic vote. Using logistic regression models and predicted probabilities based on presidential approval polls, we test four hypotheses on the determinants of approval for Piñera: a punishment vote against the Concertación, support tied to economic performance, issue-based support, and the cost of ruling. There is evidence in support of each of the four hypotheses. Although voting for Piñera might have been a one-night stand, economic vote determinants and, to a lesser extent, issue salience and the cost of ruling explain presidential approval under Piñera.

What explains women’s inclusion in sub-national cabinet positions? While much of the existing literature has examined women’s appointments to national ministerial cabinets, scholars have not considered women’s access to provincial level cabinets. To address this gap, we adopt the conventional wisdom of a supply and demand approach to evaluate the findings at the subnational level. Using an original time series dataset from 1992-2016 across all 24 subnational jurisdictions, we find that demand factors are more relevant as the probability that women are appointed ministers increases when cabinets are larger, when there is a female governor, and when the governor belongs to a peronist coalition; conversely, a larger legislative contingent of the governor’s party decreases the probability of appointing women

This paper examines the characteristics of interest group representation in Chile through an analysis of the participation of interest groups in the legislative process (2006-2014). We argue that the Chilean system could be qualified as a “semi-neopluralism” or as “neopluralism a la chilena.” We show, first, that there is participation from different types of groups, although at the same time we observe an unbalanced representation in favour of business interests. Second, the level of participation is low, even though it is higher when economic bills are discussed. Therefore, there is scarce competition among groups. Third, the evidence indicates that IG participation is highly specialized, but in a context where most groups participated only once during the period covered by this study

Through an age-period-cohort analysis applied to survey data from 1994 to 2015, we seek to understand the decline in electoral participation that has occurred in Chile during the current democratic era. Our analysis confirms some previous hypotheses, but it also illuminates some new trends. First, we find cohort effects indicating that the generations that voted during the 1988 Plebiscite tend to vote more often than those who became eligible during the democratic era. Second, Chileans’ propensity to vote increases with age, although this effect is much more pronounced among cohorts born after 1970. Finally, we find a strong and negative linear period effect, whereby the propensity to vote among all age groups has declined universally.

This article presents evidence of political, socioeconomic and generational polarization among the Chilean population between 1990 and 2017. Using data from the Public Opinion Survey of the CEP, the ideology of the individuals is estimated indirectly using the methodology developed by Poole (1998). The main findings are the following: (i) in 1993, adherents and opponents of the current government initiated a process of ideological distancing that was consolidated in mid-2008; (ii) the ideological distance between high and low socioeconomic levels began to increase from 2005 onwards; and finally, (iii) the generation born before 1955 began to distance itself ideologically from the one born after 1980, since 2011.

Uruguay faced significant headwinds in 2018. The Frente Amplio is confronting a slowing economy, and its most challenging election yet. Overall, economic growth is positive, but reduced from the previous year; inflation, unemployment, and the deficit are above target rates. After the loss of a deputy in 2016, the Frente returned to a strong legislative efficiency rate in 2018. However, the party remains vexed by President Tabaré Vázquez’s ever lower approval rating, which dipped to a nadir of 30% by year’s end. The party’s challenges are extensive. Economic stagnation, low presidential approval ratings, a slim parliamentary majority, and disaffected voters fuse to create substantial unpredictability for the 2019 elections and the country’s future political configuration.

Venezuela’s descent into the abyss deepened in 2018. Half of the country’s GDP has been lost in the last five years; poverty and income inequality have deepened, erasing the previous gains from the earlier years of the Bolivarian Revolution. Significant economic reforms failed to contain the hyperinflation, and emigration accelerated to reach three million people between 2014 and 2018, ten percent of the population. Politically, the government of Nicolás Maduro completed its authoritarian turn following the failed Santo Domingo dialogue in February, and called for an early election in May 2018. Maduro’s victory amidst a partial opposition boycott and international condemnation set the stage for a major constitutional clash in January 2019, when the world was divided between acknowledging Maduro’s second term or an opposition-declared interim president, Juan Guaido.

Introducción: el implante de Lente Intraocular es en la actualidad el procedimiento indicado para restablecer la visión, independientemente de la técnica quirúrgica empleada.Objetivos: caracterizar los pacientes operados de catarata con implante de lente intraocular.Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal en 279 pacientes (ojos)  operados de catarata con implante de lente intraocular  en la clínica de especialidades médicas de Bayamo, durante el año 2012. Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, características biométricas y queratometricas del globo ocular, agudeza visual preoperatoria,  postoperatoria, complicaciones y su evolución.Resultados: el mayor por ciento de los pacientes lo constituyó el grupo de 70 años y más con un 46.23 %,  donde el sexo femenino estuvo representado en el 54.83% de los pacientes. El 42.65 % de los pacientes presentó agudeza visual preoperatoria  de 0.3 a 0.1. El 79.21 %  presentó longitudes axiales del globo ocular de 22-24mm. El valor queratómetrico  entre 42 y 44 dioptrías lo mostró el 59.85 %. El 13.26 % presentó complicaciones, representadas por la rotura de capsula posterior (7.52 %) en el transoperatorio y la opacidad de capsula posterior en el postoperatorio (2.86 %). El 12.18 % de las complicaciones evolucionó favorablemente.Conclusiones: el implante de lente intraocular  en la cirugía de catarata es el procedimiento idóneo para restablecer la visión e incorporar el paciente  a una vida social sin limitaciones, con una incidencia mínima de complicaciones.Descriptores DeCS: EXTRACCIÓN DE CATARATA; LENTES INTRAOCULARES; BIOMETRÍA.

Resultan innegables los beneficios que ofrece la lactancia materna exclusiva tanto para los hijos como para la madre, a corto y largo plazo. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal con el objetivo de caracterizar el comportamiento de variables socio epidemiológicas que se presentan en torno a la utilización de lactancia materna, en el Policlínico Bayamo Oeste, en el período comprendido entre enero- diciembre del 2017. La muestra estuvo constituida por309 madres. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos y empíricos como el análisis y síntesis e inductivo deductivo; además de la técnica de encuesta. Se identificó que el grupo de edad más representativo agrupa las mujeres menores de 20 años (66, 4 %). En el análisis de la distribución de la población según el tiempo de lactancia materna exclusiva hubo un predominio en el abandono de la lactancia del grupo comprendido de 0-4 meses de edad (69, 5 %).  En el motivo que generó el abandono predominaron los problemas de lactancia y la fuente de consejo no profesional (37,2 %). Las enfermedades más frecuentes padecidas por los niños en correspondencia con tiempo de lactancia materna exclusiva fueron las diarreicas (85, 05 %) seguidas de las respiratorias. Se recomienda desarrollar y perfeccionar estrategias informativas y educativas sobre estos temas a la población en riesgo.

La lepra es una enfermedad transmisible tan antigua como el hombre mismo. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, para   caracterizar algunos aspectos clínicos-epidemiológicos de la lepra, en el período 2013 – 2017, Municipio Yara, Provincia, Granma. El universo estuvo constituido por 13 pacientes notificados y registrados con la enfermedad. Se confeccionó una planilla que recogió las variables clínicas-epidemiológicas: edad, sexo, y formas clínicas (Según Madrid y operacional o sanitaria), se utilizó el método estadístico de por cientos para el procesamiento de los datos. El año de mayor incidencia de la enfermedad fue 2014,   el grupo etáreo 60-74 años aporto el mayor número de casos, el sexo masculino fue el más representativo, las formas clínicas según la clasificación de Madrid, predominante fue lepra lepromatosa, de acuerdo a la operacional, los multibacilares. La pesquisa activa y diagnóstico oportuno de la lepra podría disminuir la aparición de sus complicaciones y la invalidez que causa.