Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

This paper explores the correlation between the presence and the number of elderly people in households and the labor supply of men and women between 18 and 54 years old, using data from the Argentina Permanent Household Survey for an extended period. Does the presence of elderly people alter the labor participation of men and women at central ages? It is proposed that this is so and that the correlation direction correlation will depend on the contribution they make to the home, or the demand for care they generate. Through the application of traditional multivariate models, it was found that the presence and the number of elderly people in the household is negatively related to the labor participation of men and women at central ages, and, in some cases, it relates positively with the participation of women. The effects on working hours are more elusive.

Este artículo aporta nueva evidencia empírica sobre la relación de cointegración entre los salarios y sus determinantes en la economía española desde una perspectiva macroeconómica, así como sobre la velocidad de ajuste hacia el equilibrio a largo plazo, estimando un mecanismo de corrección del error por métodos no lineales. Los resultados revelan que la tasa de desempleo y las variables de negociación no tienen efecto sobre la evolución de los salarios. De acuerdo con los tests utilizados, la variable que explica dicha evolución en el largo plazo son los precios, mostrando los salarios un comportamiento ligeramente inflacionista. A corto plazo, los salarios vienen explicados por sus valores pasados, reflejando una inercia nominal.   This paper provides new empirical evidence about the cointegration relationship between nominal wages and their determinants in the Spanish economy from a macroeconomic perspective, as well as about the speed of adjustment to the long run equilibrium, estimating an error correction mechanism by non-linear methods. The results reveal that the unemployment rate and the bargaining variables have no effect on the evolution of nominal wages. According to the test carried out, the variable that explains the evolution of nominal wages in the long term is prices, with wages showing slightly inflationary behaviour. In the short term, wages are explained by their past values, reflecting a nominal inertia.   

In the seventies, the Brazilian federal government planned to implement a "National Project for Integrated Development", with a strategy development Amazonia based on large projects, especially the projects of metallic and non-metallic mineral industry. Because of this, the mineral - metallic and non-metallic industry gained importance as an exporter of mineral products with low added value, generating foreign exchange to Brazil, mainly for the payment of interest on foreign debt. In this sense, the objective of this paper is to investigate the importance of regional banking financial institutions and their impacts on economic activities in the Amazon, through the transfer matrix, circular, cross and global effects. Moreover, such work seeks to measure the multiplier effects of income and employment, beyond the effects of link back and forth through the Social Accounting Matrix in the region, from the perspective Keynesian.

This article evaluates labor commutation from different territories of Chilean Patagonia towards its Nodal Centers: Valdivia, Osorno, Puerto Montt, Coyhaique and Punta Arenas. Commutation is verified in low qualified jobs, with cost of transport and distance being clear determinants; furthermore, the greater population size of the Centers is a pull factor when distances are smaller. At the same time, although some common patterns are obtained between Valdivia, Osorno and Puerto Montt, others have a distinct impact. Finally, all these factors allow us to outline territorially differentiated proposals for public policies.

Este documento examina el rol del tipo de cambio en Perú utilizando un modelo estocástico para una economía pequeña y abierta que es identificado a través de un modelo estructural con vectores autorregresivos (SVAR) con restricciones de largo plazo a lo Blanchard y Quah. La descomposición de varianza indica que los choques reales de oferta y demanda son la principal fuente de fluctuaciones de los ciclos económicos en Perú y que conforme pasan los trimestres van ganando relevancia en explicar los movimientos del tipo de cambio. Estos resultados sugieren que el tipo de cambio juega un rol de absorber los choques reales que afectan la economía peruana.

The aggregate matching function is estimated for the Chilean labor market with time varying efficiency and correcting for endogeneity bias for the period 1986-2015. The results found are consistent, statistically significant and show the existence of a structural break around the year 2002 and a job market tightness elasticity of 11,68% before the break and 12,53% afterwards.

This paper analyzes the effects of new technologies oriented to automation in the Chilean labor market. A general equilibrium model is used, in which the investment in robotic capital and the investment in traditional capital are considered separately, allowing the study of the effects of complementarity and substitution that are verified in relation to the labor factor. In particular, the model treats robotic capital as a direct substitute for labor, while incorporating traditional capital as complementary to it. By subjecting the economy to shocks in robotic capital prices, the effects on consumption, employment, wages and GDP can be studied. The results indicate that a fall in the international purchase price of robotic capital has a negative impact on employment as well as on the product. The exercises carried out in this study indicate that a decrease in the international price of robotic capital by 1%, under conditions of high replacement rates between employment and robots, produces a drop in employment and wages of 0.05% if the change is transitory and of 0.25% if it is permanent due to an increase in imports of robotic capital.

The research investigates the impact of over-education in the Chilean workforce, using data from the PIAAC and CASEN surveys from 2003 to 2015. The results show that on average 37% of workers with higher education are classified as “over-educated” in the period 2003-2015. In addition, the majority of this “over-educated people” come from private universities and perform in technical, administrative and legislative jobs. I also use the 2015 CASEN survey to analyze the probability of being over-educated. The results show that workers with a technical or non-traditional degree in professional education institutes and private universities are those who are more likely to be considered “over-educated”. Moreover, I implemented a propensity score matching methodology using the CASEN survey 2015 to study the impact of over-education on wages and on-the-job training. The results suggest a negative impact of over-education on wages.

Menemukan password WiFi merupakan tugas penting bagi banyak orang, karena hal ini memungkinkan mereka untuk terhubung ke jaringan nirkabel tanpa harus memasukkan password setiap kali. Informasi ini dapat digunakan oleh pengguna yang sah, seperti karyawan atau tamu yang membutuhkan akses ke jaringan, dan juga pengguna yang tidak sah, seperti hacker yang mungkin menggunakan informasi tersebut untuk mendapatkan akses yang tidak sah ke jaringan.Ada berbagai macam alat dan perangkat lunak yang tersedia yang dapat membantu pengguna menemukan password WiFi. Beberapa yang paling populer meliputi perangkat lunak cracking password, scanner jaringan nirkabel, dan alat hacking. Alat-alat ini dapat digunakan untuk memindai jaringan yang tersedia, mengidentifikasi enkripsi yang digunakan pada jaringan, dan bahkan mengembalikan password yang hilang atau lupa.Dalam artikel ini, kami akan melihat lebih dekat beberapa alat dan perangkat lunak yang paling populer yang tersedia untuk menemukan password WiFi. Kami juga akan membahas risiko dan manfaat potensial dari menggunakan alat-alat ini, serta memberikan tips untuk tetap aman saat menggunakannya. Dalam tutorial android ini kami juga akan menjelaskan cara melihat password wifi yang akan membantu pengguna dalam menemukan password wifi.Tools for finding Wi-Fi passwordsAircrack-ng: Aircrack-ng is a command-line tool that can be used to crack wireless network passwords by capturing and analyzing packets. It is available for Windows, Linux, and macOS. Some of its features include support for a variety of encryption types, the ability to perform real-time packet capture and injection, and the ability to crack WPA/WPA2 and WEP passwords. To install Aircrack-ng, users can download the software from the official website and follow the instructions for their specific operating system. Once installed, users can use the tool by running commands in the terminal.Cain and Abel: Cain and Abel is a Windows-based tool that can recover wireless network passwords by intercepting and cracking them. Some of its features include support for various encryption types, the ability to perform real-time packet capture, and the ability to crack WPA/WPA2 and WEP passwords. To install Cain and Abel, users can download the software from the official website and follow the instructions for installation. Once installed, users can use the tool by running the software and following the prompts.Wireshark: Wireshark is a network protocol analyzer that can capture and analyze packets to recover wireless network passwords. Some of its features include support for various encryption types, the ability to filter and search packets, and the ability to export packet data to various formats. To install Wireshark, users can download the software from the official website and follow the instructions for their specific operating system. Once installed, users can use the tool by running the software and capturing packets.WiFi Password Recovery: WiFi Password Recovery is a tool that can recover wireless network passwords that have been stored on a computer. Some of its features include the ability to recover passwords for various encryption types, the ability to export recovered passwords to a text file, and the ability to run in a command-line interface. To install WiFi Password Recovery, users can download the software from the official website and follow the instructions for installation. Once installed, users can use the tool by running the software and following the prompts.WirelessKeyView: WirelessKeyView is a small utility that can recover wireless network passwords that have been stored on a computer. Some of its features include the ability to recover passwords for various encryption types, the ability to export recovered passwords to a text file, and the ability to run in a command-line interface. To install WirelessKeyView, users can download the software from the official website and follow the instructions for installation. Once installed, users can use the tool by running the software and following the prompts.It's important to mention that using these tools to crack or hack WiFi passwords without permission is illegal in many countries, and also can lead to serious security risks for the network and its users. It's highly recommended to use these tools for ethical purposes and with the owner's permission.Comparison of the tools:When it comes to finding Wi-Fi passwords, there are a variety of tools available, each with its own set of features, pros, and cons. Here, we will compare some of the most popular tools in terms of their ease of use, effectiveness, and security.Aircrack-ng: Aircrack-ng is a command-line tool that can be used to crack wireless network passwords by capturing and analyzing packets. It is considered to be one of the most powerful and effective tools for cracking wireless network passwords, but it can be difficult for beginners to use due to its command-line interface. Aircrack-ng is considered very effective in cracking the wireless network passwords, but it requires some technical knowledge to use it.Cain and Abel: Cain and Abel is a Windows-based tool that can recover wireless network passwords by intercepting and cracking them. It is considered to be an easy-to-use tool, but it is only available for Windows, and is considered to be less effective than Aircrack-ng.Wireshark: Wireshark is a network protocol analyzer that can capture and analyze packets to recover wireless network passwords. It is considered to be a versatile and powerful tool, but it can be difficult for beginners to use due to its complexity.WiFi Password Recovery: WiFi Password Recovery is a tool that can recover wireless network passwords that have been stored on a computer. It is considered to be an easy-to-use tool but it is less effective than Aircrack-ng and Cain and Abel in cracking the wireless network passwords.WirelessKeyView: WirelessKeyView is a small utility that can recover wireless network passwords that have been stored on a computer. It is considered to be an easy-to-use tool but it is less effective than Aircrack-ng and Cain and Abel in cracking the wireless network passwords.Overall, Aircrack-ng is considered to be the most effective and powerful tool for cracking wireless network passwords, but it can be difficult for beginners to use. Cain and Abel and WiFi Password Recovery are considered to be easier to use but less effective. Wireshark is considered to be a powerful tool, but it is more complex than the others. WirelessKeyView is the least effective but it's the easiest to use.In terms of security, all these tools have some security risks associated with them, such as unauthorized access to the network, data breaches, and malware infections. It's highly recommended to use these tools for ethical purposes and with the owner's permission. Additionally, it's always a good practice to use the latest version of the software and to keep the computer updated with the latest security patches.In terms of recommendations for specific use cases, Aircrack-ng is recommended for experienced users who need to crack wireless network passwords quickly and effectively. Cain and Abel and WiFi Password Recovery are recommended for beginners who need an easy-to-use tool for recovering wireless network passwords. Wireshark is recommended for users who need a powerful tool for analyzing network traffic. WirelessKeyView is recommended for users who need a simple tool for recovering wireless network passwords.Conclusion:Finding Wi-Fi passwords is an important task for many people, as it allows them to connect to wireless networks without having to enter a password each time. There are a variety of tools and software available that can help users find Wi-Fi passwords, including Aircrack-ng, Cain and Abel, Wireshark, WiFi Password Recovery, and WirelessKeyView.In this article, we have compared these tools in terms of their ease of use, effectiveness, and security. Aircrack-ng is considered to be the most effective and powerful tool for cracking wireless network passwords, but it can be difficult for beginners to use. Cain and Abel and WiFi Password Recovery are considered to be easier to use but less effective. Wireshark is considered to be a powerful tool, but it is more complex than the others. WirelessKeyView is the least effective but it's the easiest to use.Based on the comparison, for experienced users who need to crack wireless network passwords quickly and effectively, Aircrack-ng is the best tool. For beginners who need an easy-to-use tool for recovering wireless network passwords, Cain and Abel and WiFi Password Recovery are recommended. For users who need a powerful tool for analyzing network traffic, Wireshark is recommended. For users who need a simple tool for recovering wireless network passwords, WirelessKeyView is recommended.It's important to remind readers that these tools are intended for ethical and legal use only. Any illegal activity can result in severe penalties. It's highly recommended to use these tools with the owner's permission and always use the latest version of the software and to keep the computer updated with the latest security patches.

La Reforma al Mercado de Capitales de 2001 en Chile (MK I), estableció la exención del impuesto a la renta para las ganancias de capital provenientes de la enajenación de acciones con presencia bursátil. Los objetivos de la reforma eran aumentar la participación, la profundidad y la liquidez en el mercado local de acciones. Sin embargo, no es evidente cuál es el efecto que tiene una rebaja tributaria en el precio de las acciones ya que hay dos efectos que actúan en sentido contrario. Por un lado, hay un efecto de capitalización que lleva a un aumento en los precios. Por otro lado, hay un efecto lock-in que lleva a una reducción en los precios. Determinar cuál efecto domina es, por lo tanto, una pregunta que debe responderse empíricamente.Este trabajo contribuye a responder esa pregunta, determinando empíricamente los efectos que tuvo la exención tributaria introducida en 2001 en el precio de las acciones en Chile. Utilizando un estimador de diferencias en diferencias, los resultados muestran un impacto anticipado promedio de alrededor de -14% en el precio de las acciones que se cotizan en la Bolsa de Santiago frente a la futura exención tributaria. La elasticidad del precio respecto a la tasa de impuesto, entre 0.006 y 0.01, es mucho menor a la estimada en la literatura económica para otros países a partir de reformas similares, donde la elasticidad fluctúa entre 0.20 y 0.27. Sin embargo, es de magnitud similar a la elasticidad estimada para períodos de tiempo donde el efecto lock-in domina.