Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Abstract: The densities of the land crab Cardisoma guanhumi has been dropping for the past decades, as a result numerous management strategies, laws and regulations throughout the tropics have been developed to reduce population declines. The reasons for declines include: overfishing, habitat degradation and loss, and continued capture in Natural Protected Areas (NPA). In Puerto Rico, an admistrative order of 1999, regulates a closed season, prohibits the captures of crabs through the year from NPA and has a legal size for capture (64 mm). The goal of this research was to monitor spatial-temporal dynamics of captures for C. guanhumi after the implementation of the admistrative order. Crabs captured from thirty-one hunters in six communities surrounding the Jobos Bay Estuary (JBE) in south east Puerto Rico was studied over a period of 15 years, 2004 through 2018. The size (carapace width and length), sex and color were documented for 1531 crabs. There was significant difference in crab size through time and space. The smallest crabs with captured in the west of JBE and in the year 2004, while the largest crabs were captured in the west and in 2013. As expected smaller hunting areas had smaller crabs due to higher hunting pressure. Further, there was significant difference in crab color by size, smaller crabs were orange, intermediate size was brown and larger crabs were blue. Color of crab can therefore be used to determine legal limit. From 2009 to 2018 three percent of hunters captured crabs smaller than the legal-size limit. Although there was no significant relationship between climate (temperature, rainfall) and crab size, smaller crabs were captured in 2013-2016 during years of lower rainfall. Also, crab size increase from 2004 until 2013 coincided with mangrove recovery in the JBE. The laws and management strategies in Puerto Rico for the protection of crabs by size and prohibition in NPA, is not enough. Therefore, the impact of climate variability, sea level rise and anthropogenic pressures on crab habitat, therefore, warrants further investigation.

Este trabajo examina los determinantes del gasto social en América Latina, Europa Oriental y el Este Asiático durante los años 80 y los 90. Presumimos que las diferencias duraderas y significativas en las herencias del estado de bienestar y las restricciones fiscales afectaron la manera en la cual los países en las tres regiones respondieron a los desafíos de las crisis económicas más contemporáneos, la integración en los mercados globales y las transiciones a la democracia. Los países latinoamericanos, que heredaron las restricciones fiscales más severas, fueron los que menos pudieron proteger el gasto social durante momentos de apremio económico. Los países del Este Asiático, y en un grado menor, los de Europa Oriental, fueron menos proclives a reducir el gasto social en vistas a los apremios económicos e inclusive se vieron más inclinados a aumentarlo durante las transiciones democráticas.

This paper presents the results of a public opinion poll about the 11th of September of 1973 and the military regimen, applied to 792 persons from the Metropolitan Region of Santiago. The sample included participants of different ideological orientation and three political generations: persons who turned 18years old before 1973, those who did it between 1974 and 1989, and finally, those who turned 18 from 1990 onwards. The results confirmed that the 11th of September of 1973 remains subjectively relevant for most people of the three generations. The analyses revealed mild generational differences. Theideological position continues to be a key factor in differentiating perceptions and memories about this historical event, although unexpected similarities among people from different political perspectives were found in some of the issues.

The article holds that, from the 1970s to the early 1990s, business associations formed an ideological and organic bloc based on an “identity principle” whereby they defined themselves as the main actors of development, a fact that accounts for their fundamentalistic defense of the “neoliberal model”. Subsequently,and as a consequence of the new challenges that Chile began to face, this ideological action bloc lost its effectiveness, leading to a more pluralistic business leadership. This gave rise to a new approach among business associations. This process is part of a broader development involving the reshaping of thesystem of political, economic and social relations in Chile.