Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The significance of agricultural crops to an economy and their structural stability are shown by the production, area, and yield of agricultural output from commercial crops as well as by growth trends and structural stability. This study's objective is to evaluate the development, trend, and structural stability of commercial crop output in India before and after the implementation of the new agricultural policy from 1980 to 2000 and 2001 to 2020. To achieve the goals, secondary data will be used from the Reserve Bank of India's handbook of statistics on the Indian economy (2020–2021). Estimation methods included the least squares method, the t test, and the structural stability regression model. From 1980 to 2000, the average growth rate of commercial crops like Oilseeds, coffee, cotton, raw jute and mesta, sugarcane, tea, and tobacco were 59.1%, 66%, 159%, 21%, 4.4%, 52.2%, and 20.4 percent, respectively. The area under cultivation increased by13.4%, 69.6%, 33.3%, -17%, 31.9%, 33.3%, and -2.4 percent. In the pooled era, these commercial crops' production and area had correlation coefficients of 0.89, 0.93, -0.04, 0.02, 0.93, and 0.63, respectively. The study also shows that there is no significant difference in the variances of production and the yield of oilseeds and significant the area under cultivation. The yield and production of commercial crops are rising, while India's commercial production area and structure have altered over time. The emphasis should be on improving policy implementation and increasing yield through technological innovation, improved cultivation and area, agricultural research and development, and training in India.

In October 2021, occurred the declaration of nullity of the tax on value increase of land that was established by the Constitutional Court in its ruling 182/2021. Such a situation has been corrected with Royal Decree-Law 26/2021, of November 8, through which an adaptation to constitutional jurisprudence is produced, making various changes to the previous regulations, contained in the revised text from 2004 of the Regulatory Law of Local Treasury. This article presents an analysis of the modifications introduced, among which the determination of situations of the non-existence of value increase and the appearance of an alternative method for calculations. Among the issues raised in the article, it is noteworthy how, in the new regulations, the operational mechanics of the initial version of 1976, later abandoned in 1988, have been recovered — albeit partially.  

INTRODUCTION: Financial protection from healthcare spending has become an important objective to be addressed by health systems all over the world. A common strategy used to assess financial protection from health care is to estimate the proportion of the population for which out-of-pocket expenditures made at the moment of receiving health services (OOP) might affect the consumption of other goods and services. To this end, two groups of indicators have been developed: catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishing health expenditure (IHE).  This work aims to investigate how CHE and IHE evolved in Argentina and how equitable was distributed between 1985 and 2018. METHODOLOGY: we estimated CHE and IHE measures, concentration indexes and concentration curves for all studied periods. In addition, we performed dominance analysis of concentration curves in order to assess changes in the distribution of CHE.  RESULTS: In 2017/18, 9.57 % of Argentina’s population incurred in CHE using a 10 % of total expenditure (EXP) threshold, 5.81 % using a 15 % of EXP, 4.52 % using a 25 % of EXP net of food spending (ATP), and 1.87 % using a 40 % of ATP. All CHE headcount measures dropped considerably between 1996/97 and 2017/18. IHE measures resulted in nearly zero values. The distribution of CHE was found to be progressive in all periods applying different thresholds. Dominance analysis and CI show that 2004/05 was the most progressive period. However, dominance between curves was only found using low specificity criteria. DISCUSSION: We found evidence of higher financial protection in the most recent studied period and progressivity of CHE in all periods. A further question to be assessed is whether the lower CHE and progressivity in its distribution is a consequence of an effective public policy or difficulties to access health care.

Working capital is made up of current assets and current liabilities with a higher degree of liquidity (inventory, accounts receivable and accounts payable), adequate management allows companies to have the resources to carry out the operations of the company and reduces the need for financing with banks, which leads to a lower financial cost. The objective of this essay is determine and analyse the importance of proper management of working capital in the prepared food and beverage industry in Ecuador, proposing a regression model that allows determining the relationship between  and the independent variables:  cash conversion cycle , days inventory oustanding , days receivable oustanding , days inventory oustanding . Additionally, the following are considered as control variables: performance index, and efficiency index.

When a batter scores low in a series of innings, lack of self-confidence generated as a result coupled with poor batting strategies may lead to scoring even lower in the immediately preceding innings. In a team game like Cricket, the out-of-form status of a batter may affect the outcome of the game. This motivated us to explore a statistical method to detect batting inconsistency of a batter in Cricket. One-sided Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control chart was employed due to its evident capability in rapid detection of upward or downward changes in the process mean. The analysis of this study considered ODI batters, who were engaged in the sport during the past decade belonging to seven different cricket nations. An observation of out-of-control state in a control chart was recognized as a batter experiencing an out-of-form performance phase and basic sensitizing rules were utilized to detect non-random and unnatural variation which were explained as warning signals of batting inconsistency. As a demonstration of the proposed method, EWMA control charts of a few popular batters were presented and analyzed which revealed some interesting findings related to their ODI career performance. When an occurrence of a clear downward sequence was detected in the control chart, it was decided that the batter has been out-of-form during that phase. The proposed method can be utilized to dynamically evaluate career batting performance through detection of out-of-form status of batsmen using their recent past scores and this would facilitate effective player selection for the next game.

So far, however, there has been little discussion about the online behaviour for micro and small size entrepreneurs in the pertinent literature. Therefore, this study examines the online behaviour of micro and small business owners of Facebook users using the linear and non-linear AISAS (attention, interest, search, action, and sharing) models. Scholars have tested this model with various types of consumer groups, except business owners. To that end, the current study involves micro and small business owners who join a group on Facebook. Data were collected in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia, and analysed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and structural equation modelling (SEM). As a result, the AISAS linear model succeeded in predicting micro and small business owners' online behaviour. Simultaneously, there were several problems with the non-linear model in predicting the online behaviour of small business owners.

After the 1996 World Food Summit, the declaration of the Millennium Development Goals in 2000 and the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, food security has become a priority in the international agenda. The high incidence of undernutrition in developing countries calls attention to the need for adopting effective measures towards achieving zero hunger by 2030. In line with the alarming statements, experts highlight the seriousness of the influence of climate change on agriculture in the developing countries of Africa and Asia, and therefore, on food security (IPCC 2014, 2019a, 2019b). This paper demonstrates the influence of climate change on food security by examining the impact of climate change on the agricultural systems in the regions most affected by climate change and with the highest proportion of undernourished people - Asia and Africa - to expose and advocate the use of climate-smart agricultural practices adapted to regional vulnerabilities in order to strengthen resilience to climate change and contribute to food security.

This paper quantifies the survival abilities of openers in one-day international cricket matches to fulfill the ultimate goal of analyzing the batting performance of Sri Lankan openers in Cricket World Cup 2019. An inconsistent opening batting performance in one-day cricket could have a negative impact on the match result and it could be one of the reasons for the current downfall of Sri Lankan cricket team. Survival abilities were investigated based on two aspects: number of balls faced till dismissal and strike rate at dismissal. Performances of Sri Lankan openers were evaluated and compared with that of the openers of other teams in Cricket World Cup 2019 through smooth estimated survival functions and hazard functions. Survival abilities of past Sri Lankan openers were also evaluated. Impact of opening batting performance on the match result was investigated through a novel measure: Total Hazard. Results indicate that survival abilities of Sri Lankan openers in Cricket World Cup 2019 are low compared to the openers of other teams and past Sri Lankan openers are more reliable and consistent. It is also found that there is an impact of opening batting performance on the match result. Hence, opening batting performance should be strengthened to rectify the current downfall of Sri Lankan cricket.

The debates sparked by the tax treatment of realized, reinvested, and distributed profits led to various taxation techniques, concluding that, while economic theory claims that any company's goal is to maximize profit, the practical reality shows that some companies only want to make a satisfactory profit and thus pay as little tax as possible, In the context of accounting methods that allow businesses to show results that are more in accordance with their goals than with reality, within specified bounds. Based on a set of eight hypotheses that we will test on a sample of industry enterprises using the research methodology of panel-based models, we will try to argue the importance of managing the tax burden and highlight the tax repercussions on investment decisions, their financing methods, and the value of the company.

Today, we live in more multicultural cities due to migratory movements, a global issue that is affecting the European region as well. The formulation of immigration policies has been characterized by a constant struggle between national governments and the European Union (EU) over the discretion that states have to interpret EU directives. The recent approval of the 2030 Agenda and its proposal to provide a localized response to the challenges of today's society has favoured the entry into the play of a new actor: local governments. These are emerging as an innovative actor in the development of their own integration policies, especially in large European cities. The benefits of integration for migrants have been widely identified in the literature. Although an initial investment is required for a time when refugees are allowed to enter a country, the benefits they bring begin to appear in the medium and long term, once they are granted legal authorization to work. However, there is still more debate about the effects that the different integration models have on the development of local economies, such as rejuvenation, decent work or the strengthening of institutions, as well as the extension of social protection. This research analyses the cases of Barcelona and Gdansk, showing how local governments are adopting integration policies that are not always in line with those of their national governments. The comparative study of these experiences with a multilevel governance approach will allow us to understand what factors drive these policies and their impact on the development of local economies.