Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The standard two-country model, also referred to as the imperfect substitutes model of international trade, have been the framework of virtually all J-curve research. As the aforesaid model only mentions the bilateral exchange rate between the currencies of the home and the foreign countries, many studies employing it neglect the crucial role of vehicle currency, which cannot detect useful findings especially in the circumstance that the global trade is dominated by only a few currencies such as USD. Some studies utilized that model to explore the impacts of vehicle currencies on trade balance but presumably lacked theoretical basis. This paper is the first to provide the theoretical ground for the usage of standard two-country model to examine the role vehicle currency. In addition, empirical evidence regarding the asymmetric effects of the vehicle currency exchange rate USD/VND and bilateral exchange rate EUR/VND on Vietnam’s trade balance with the whole Eurozone is also reported.

The Research aimed to study the role of INTOSAI Standard 11 in the independence of the Federal Audit Bureau in the Republic of Iraq. The field study was conducted through personal interviews and a survey list on a sample of (22) experts, general managers and auditors in the Federal Audit Bureau, and the results of the study reached the extent of commitment The Federal Office of Financial Supervision in INTOSAI Standard 11, and the study concluded with some recommendations, the most important of which is the necessity of clarifying the legislation and guarantees necessary to achieve the independence of the heads of the Federal Office of Financial Supervision from various organizational, administrative, functional and financial aspects in a way that prevents it from being subjected to any pressures or dictates to allow sufficient freedom in the performance of its tasks And disseminate his reports to the public without restrictions or obstacles.

A macroeconomic indicator of productivity and economic development, used to obtain information on the economic and social conditions of a country, is the GDP per capita, which is also used as an indicator of social welfare. By construction it can be used directly to compare areas of interest. It is an indicator of great variability to which it is difficult to assign a probabilistic model to describe its distribution. In fact, it usually appears as a strongly asymmetric and frequently multimodal variable, which directly indicates a strong non-normality. In this work we propose to deal with the problem of finding a probabilistic model for this variable through the estimation of a model of finite mixtures of normal distributions. As an application example, we present the model obtained through the finite mixture for GDP per capita data from the NUTS 3 zones in the nomenclature of the European Union, EU countries and neighbouring countries. Thus, the model is estimated, its validity is checked and the results obtained are analysed, both for the GDP per capita variable and as a function of the countries to which the studied areas belong.

The article addresses the results of a case study on the experiences of violence that affect Bolivian migrants residing in Tarapacá, Chile. The research was carried out in 2019 and the objectives are: to understand how violence affects or alters the migration of those women and to investigate the level of knowledge about the Chilean and Bolivian institutions competent in the matter. The text is structured around three methodological strategies: a review of the state of the art of the debates on the relationship between gender, violence and migration; a documentary analysis of national and international legislation and, application of qualitative interviews to 10 migrants who suffered violence by their partners. Within the findings, we corroborate that gender violence indeed influences the decision to migrate of the interviewees.

The purpose of this article is to present and reaffirm the importance of shared public health management on the Brazil-Bolivia border. To this end, bibliographic and documentary surveys were carried out, as well as interviews with 14 experts who form the Community of Inquiry, an investigation method developed by John Dewey that provides a useful lens for studies on shared management, as it emphasizes the plurality of actors beyond the actions of the State, demonstrating how public health problems are dealt with in the region. Specifically, we detail part of COVID-19's first operations (February to June 2020) in the municipalities of Corumbá and Ladário (Brazil) and Puerto Quijarro and Puerto Suarez (Bolivia). Recognizing the political dimension of the problematic situation, we rekindle the importance of governance for combating the COVID-19 pandemic and for the shared management of other urgent local epidemics, such as dengue and H1N1 on the border.

This article aims to demonstrate that Mexico's 2006 war on drugs exacerbated violence against undocumented immigrants its territory. It compares drug-related violence and homicides from 2006 to 2013 and analyzes the fact that many Central American migrants never made it to Mexico's northern border, but were not detained or deported by Mexican authorities either. In order to conduct this research, information was obtained from government, autonomous and civilian agencies as well as the United Nations regional commissions. A formal data analysis was performed using the spss method. This manuscript shows that US immigrant detentions decreased in this period and increased again in the following presidential administration. Simultaneously, hundreds of migrants disappeared in Mexico, although exact data is not available due to the secrecy surrounding this type of criminality. Migrants were seen as targets against whom extortion or human trafficking could be committed. Despite this, Central Americans continue to immigrate in mass flows. 

During the historical context of the Barack Obama administration and due to the US economic crisis (2008), this article argues that there were spatial and sociodemographic reconfigurations of undocumented migrations from Chiapas to the United States (2009-2016). Based on the review of the Emif Norte (Survey on Migration on the Northern Border), and data on the reception of remittances and Mexicans returned by the US immigration authorities, this text argues that the spatial and sociodemographic changes of these migrations implied dynamics of decreasing demographic volume of migrants, reduction in the reception of remittances, transformations of the places of origin and destination, and changes in the places and costs of border crossings. However, there were also processes of continuity in certain places of origin and destination, and in the profile and employment history of migrants. The contribution of the work is to show the Chiapas migrations as non-static socio-historical constructions and with differentiated spatial dynamics.

This article aims to shed light on the impact of the cross-border context on educational aspirations of middle and high school students living in Tijuana, Baja California. For this purpose, qualitative response regression models are estimated considering variables of a demographic and socio-educational nature, of the migratory field and related to commitment, self-motivation, and family support. Data was collected by the Mexican Migration Field Research Program is used. We found that expectations are not very sensitive to migratory and cross-border circumstances. On the other hand, the educational level of the parents, dedication to study, have family members at the university and speak English, does seem relevant in the formation of expectations. We concluded that demographic and socio-educational factors, as well as their own effort, and family support determine to a greater extent the aspirations of the youth.

During the last years, the female migration from Venezuela has been characterized by leads family migrant projects to Santiago of Chile. In this sense, the aim of this article is analyzing the events that provoked different changes during the life of Venezuelan women, motivating leave their home country to search better life condition in a different place. Using a qualitative approach, which deep interviews were the main technique to gather data, this analysis focus on histories of life of migrant women highly educated and skilled whose paths are immersing in violence episodes. The findings show that different kind of problems that forced them out from Venezuela yet are part of their daily life despite that they have migrated to Chile between 2016-2019, it represents an opportunity to design representative public policy oriented to help migrant communities in the host society.

The article analyzes the migratory crisis that occurred in the Tarapacá Region in Chile during the COVID-19 pandemic, considering the perspective of the informative frames that are used by the regional media. The study was developed from a qualitative research perspective, through a content analysis of the news on the displacement of the migrant population to the north of Chile, published by four Chilean regional newspapers during 2020. The results show that the main frame of the information related to the problem examined is that of attribution of responsibility, concluding that the role of national, regional and local government authorities becomes the main focus of attention of the news on the humanitarian and health effects of the crisis.