Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

In recent years, the increasing trend of Paraguay's public debt has become a recurring and concerning issue, particularly coinciding with the last years of the previous and current government's terms, as it has been observed that, despite criticism of the situation, borrowing has continued to increase without new strategies being established to generate or expand sources or lines of financing for public policies. Additionally, the accumulation of public debts will be inherited by future governments and generations, potentially restricting public financing options. Currently, the country is surviving the climate and economic crisis that began in 2019 and was exacerbated by the coronavirus pandemic in 2020 and the first half of 2021, due to the health emergency and social crisis, in which pressure on deficient hospital services, patient referral to the private health sector, loss of human lives, employment and income in families, led the government to increase spending and public debt extraordinarily. In this work, we aim to present the results of the analysis of public debt in the long term from 2004 to 2021, in the context of greater stability and growth of the national economy (2004-2018), the crisis (2019-2020), and indications of current recovery. In these contexts, we seek to identify the characteristics of public debt, to reflect on persistent problems and alternative solutions.

Educational quality promotes the development of skills and creative potential of young people and improves the quality of life of the population. The valorization of human capital is linked to the increase in education. The new generations need a learning acquisition system according to the current changing world, the market or the State are no longer the only factors that determine the educational offer. Non-formal, largely free, ICT-enabled education is plentiful, adapts easily and relatively quickly to changes in the world of work. The State can make great strides in achieving its educational goals, both in terms of coverage and quality, by taking advantage of the multitude of courses, trainings, and tutorials available on the Internet. For this purpose, the priority should be the facilitation of universal access to the Internet, a reliable guide for those interested, and a validation and certification system for the knowledge acquired.

This study aims to apply the measurement and management of green energy in poultry fields to achieve a competitive advantage in one of Iraq's poultry fields, which is generally afflicted by high costs and foreign product competition. The study's most notable findings are that the use of green energy from solar energy can provide a competitive advantage in agricultural activities such as poultry fields. For example, solar panels on the roofs of poultry farm buildings create electric power during the day only to eliminate storage expenses (batteries) and replacement costs and the use of biomass energy from poultry droppings to extract biogas for use in heating. It is economically and environmentally feasible. The study has proven that green energy reduces production costs and achieves competitive advantages through a cost leadership strategy. Also, through a differentiation strategy that the production stages do not leave environmental damage and promise the product as a green product, and through the strategy of focusing the economic unit on green customers who support products that preserve the environment. As a result, the acquisition of new customers the demand for the company's products increase.

The importance of studying the advantages of international competitiveness for investment in light of the ways of privatizing infrastructure in the manner of partnership, especially with regard to projects in the services and ports sector. There was a need to transfer expertise and technical and managerial competence, and to bridge the savings financing gap by analyzing the investment environment from a strategic point of view. The possibility of determining the methods of partnership with the private activity in accordance with the applicable investment laws through the guarantees and facilities it provides. The research found that there is a close correlation between the country's ranking or degree in this indicator and the size of the foreign investment that it attracts, especially in the field of investment in building the port of Faw. Expectations indicate that it will be one of the largest ports in the Middle East. One of the most important conclusions that the research came out with is the method of partnership with the private sector, according to economic feasibility studies.

Organic tea cultivation is a most emerging farming activity in recent years. Assam is only the state of India, where the highest tea is produced. Organic tea farming is a new concept for the state Assam. The study focuses on to estimate the technical efficiency level of organic tea growers.  The Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) is used to estimate the efficiency level of the growers by conducting a survey in Dibrugarh district of Assam, where the highest organic tea growers are concentrated. The study found- Mean technical efficiency of organic tea growers is 0.91. The variables organic fertilizer, organic pesticide, manure, machine and land area under tea cultivation are found statistically significant. On the other hand the variable labour man days found insignificant result with output.

Motor-imagery brain-computer interfaces, as rehabilitation tools for motor-disabled individuals, could inherently enrich neuroplasticity and subsequently restore mobility. However, this endeavour's significant challenge is classifying left and right leg motor imagery tasks from non-stationary EEG signals. A subject-independent feature extraction method is essential in a BCI system, and this work involves developing a subject-independent algorithm to classify left/right leg motion intention. The Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition was used to decompose EEG during left and right foot movements during imagery tasks. We validated our proposed algorithm using open-access motor imagery data to detect the user's mental intention from EEG. Five subjects of various performance categories with almost 150 trials for each left/right leg MI of hand/leg/tongue, HaLT Paradigm, utilizing C3, C4, and Cz channels were examined to generalize this study to all subjects. A set of statistical features were extracted from the intrinsic mode functions, and the most relevant features were selected for classification using Sequential Floating Feature Selection. Different classifiers were trained using extracted features, and their performances' were evaluated. The findings suggest that the non-linear support vector machine is the best classification model, resulting in the mean classification sensitivity, specificity, precision, negative predictive value, F-measure, 98.15%, 90.74%, 91.97%, 98.33%, 94.72%, 94.44%, respectively. The proposed subject-independent signal processing method significantly improved the offline calibration mode by eliminating the frequency selection step, making it the common-used method for different types of MI-based BCI participants. Offline evaluations suggest that it can lead to significant increases in classification accuracy in comparison to current approaches.

The research aims to analyze the balance sheet disclosure (the assets side and the liabilities side) and their impact on determining the credit policy of Sumer Commercial Bank with a reference to the Jordan Investment Bank, and extracting growth rates for the variables, as well as using the VAR methodology to clarify the functional relationship between the variables of the two sides of assets and liabilities, and the research concluded that there are A significant relationship between the variables based on Kranger's causal analysis, the variables on the assets side had an upward trend resulting from large investments, which formed the vast majority of total assets, in order for the bank to achieve successes in managing bank liquidity, while the bank failed to manage the liabilities side.

The urbanization processes of the metropolitan peripheries have been a recurring topic of discussion within the various disciplines of the social sciences. In this article, we offer an ethnographic analysis –case study– of the conflict that was triggered by the construction of the north-west bypass in the metropolitan area of San Luis Potosí, between 2012 and 2016 and that continues to the present. The bypasses “engulf” towns and rural settlements, the rhythm of this process depends on the forms of resistance and organization. Likewise, the forms of cooptation and intermediarism that emerge are essential to understand the new key to the disputes over the local reconfiguration of rural space.

Mexican migration to Spain has been poorly studied due to their high socio-economic profile, their small number compared to other immigrant groups in that country, and the lesser importance of Spain in Mexican diaspora. However, its analysis will be of great interest, as it will provide valuable knowledge about the settlement of Mexican elites outside the central nucleus of their diaspora. With a mixed methodology, combining quantitative and qualitative ethnographic information of 19 in-depth interviews, this paper studies the elements that, from a demographic and symbolic perspective, allow the categorization and distinction of the Mexican population residing in Spain as a qualified population. Finally, we reflect on the possibility that this migration constitutes an emerging phenomenon that may give rise to migratory chains that expand their volume and sociodemographic range.

The state of Sonora is a national leader in mining production, but in 2014, it was the scene of a large-scale environmental disaster caused by the modern mining industry in Mexico. The objective of the article is to determine the actors and forms that socio-environmental conflicts have taken in the state, from 2008 to 2018. Our contribution was made to the systematization of 22 environmental contingencies and eight socio-environmental conflicts were catalogued. It is concluded that the forms of socio-environmental conflicts prior to the 2014 spill maintained local demands and the subsequent ones sought media visibility. The socio-environmental conflict of the Sonora River stands out for the diversity of actors and alliances.