Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

K. Mannheim has already pointed out that the polysemy of the term of ideology represents even the first difficulty to discover its meaning. In this opportunity, the contributions of Edgardo Albizu will be taken as an analysis axis to clarify the meaning and scope of that concept. The Argentine Thinker considers that ideology constitutes one of the most significant topics to understand the current situation of the philosophical present. According to these observations, this paper will be articulated according to four units that allow reconstructing the most relevant aspects that Albizu elucidated about the ideology: (1) the meaning not general but strict of ideology; (2) ideology as an implosion and entropy of estrangement; (3) ideology as a system of significance that changes the rationality for a pragmatic discourse and, finally, (4) Hegel's philosophy and the task of the present.

Background. In the Gulf of Mexico, the Alvarado Lagoon System (ALS) stands out for its dimensions and fisheries. Rotifers are among the most abundant groups of zooplankton in these ecosystems. Information on its composition, diversity, and seasonal variation is scarce, despite its structural and functional importance. Objective. We determined the diversity, seasonal variation, and the influence of pH, transparency, salinity, and temperature in the rotifer community structure in the ALS. Method. We collected zooplankton samples and physicochemical parameters from September 2017 to May 2018 in four zones of the ALS along the salinity gradient. Zooplankton was separated into groups, and rotifers identified species level. Shannon-Weiner diversity index and effective diversity Hill numbers Q1 and Q2 were calculated by analyzing differences among seasons and zones. A cluster analysis was performed to determine the similarity in the biological composition between zones and seasons. Canonical correspondence analysis was performed with transformed data of physicochemical parameters and rotifer abundances. Results. Oligohaline behavior in the rainy season to mesohaline in the dry season and the influence of the rivers in all the ALS was observed. 24 rotifer species and four cladocerans were identified, all correspond to new records, being Brachionidae the most abundant. The highest diversity occurs during the rainy season in the south zone while the lowest in the dry season. Salinity and turbidity were related to the distribution of the Brachionidae species. Conclusions. Hydrological behavior and salinity variation gradient agree with records for ALS.

Background. The southern zone of the estuary of the Jamapa River, Veracruz, is a place of transition between the river and the marine environment to which sediments, compounds, and species of crustaceans are transported to the neritic zone where is the Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Objective. The responses of exposure of Potimirim mexicana postlarvae to diuron, glyphosate, and paraquat, as well as the relative abundance, diversity of the association of crustaceans, and values of temperature, salinity, oxygen, pH, and dissolved solids in the estuary were evaluated. Methods. Sampling was carried out with white light traps in November and March. Living Potimirim mexicana postlarvae were obtained from the samples to carry out the bioassays; the remaining individuals of the association were fixed in 70% alcohol for identification and quantification. The environmental factors were measured using a multiparameter Hanna HI 9828. Results. Dissolved oxygen was of 6-7 mgL-1, pH of 8-9, temperature of 26-27° C, total dissolved solids of 700-1,500 ppm and salinity of 0.70-16 ups. Environmental conditions permit the presence of Potimirim mexicana postlarvae. Six taxa were found: postlarvae of Macrobrachium acanthurus, M. olfersii and Potimirim mexicana, megalopae of Callinectes sapidus and Armases ricordi, and zoeae of Brachyura. Diversity ranged from 1.55 to 1.77 bits*individual-1, indicating an intermediate stability of the estuary. A total of 12,827 postlarvae of P. mexicana were obtained. The LC50 values of diuron, paraquat, and glyphosate were 5.94, 1.51, and 221.05 mgL-1, respectively. Conclusions. The values found here are consistent with those obtained by other authors for different species of crustaceans. Due to the important ecological in the food web of P. mexicana, its postlarvae can be used as sensitive test organisms in ecotoxicological studies.

Background. Understanding the toxicity mechanism of arsenic has been hampered by biological, chemical factors, including the dose response ratio, the specificity and sensitivity of species used in bioassays from toxicological studies to understand their toxicodynamics. Goals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the embryotoxic, teratogenic and genotoxic effect caused by exposure to arsenic, through the frequency analysis of malformations and micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes in zebrafish. Methods. The toxicity curve of arsenic in zebrafish embryos was calculated from exposure to concentrations between 0.0031 and 0.05 mg L-1 of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2 ) for 72 hours to determine the mean lethal concentration (LC50) for the embryotoxicity and teratogenesis test. For the genotoxicity test, the calculation of the toxicity curve with adult zebrafish that were exposed to concentrations between 0.035 and 0.044 mg L-1 for 48 hours was previously performed in order to establish LC50. Results. The effect of sodium arsenite was shown to be statistically positive for embryotoxicity and teratogenesis tests at the evaluated concentrations. Exposure to sodium arsenite resulted in abnormal embryonic development at each of the test concentrations, in addition to malformations. And a statistically significant increase in the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes of 0.035, showing genotoxic damage of arsenic. Conclusions. This study showed that the induction of nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes, as well as abnormalities in embryonic development, are extremely sensitive indicators in the study of toxicological effects, and suggest that the risk potential of this metalloid should be tested in future research.

Background. The Blue crab Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun, 1896) is an important fishery in socio-economic terms for the Mexican waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Despite its relevance, the blue crab has been little studied. Fisheries management generally involves decision-making based on the assessment of population size and dynamics. Goals. Determine the level of exploitation of the Blue crab resource in the Gulf of Mexico using official catch data from 1980 to 2018. Methods. The Catch-Maximum Sustainable Yield (C-MSY) method allows estimation of reference points that can be used for management of a fishery, including Catch at Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY), Biomass associated with MSY (BMSY) and Mortality associated with MSY (FMSY) using limited data. Results. The values of MSY and BMSY found by the C-MSY method were 16,491 t and 27,687 t, respectively. The FMSY value was 0.596, with a k value of 55,374 t, varying between 33,842 and 90,604 t. The highest viable r value of maximum net productivity was equal to 1.19. Conclusions. The results indicate that the blue crab (C. sapidus) fishery in the Gulf of Mexico is at healthy levels, but wich maximum levels of exploitation. To maintain the stock status, it is recommended that catch do not exceed the 14,842 t (0.9 MSY) and/or fishing mortality equal to 0.9 FMSY.

Background. Codium fragile is a green alga that inhabits the Pacific coast of Baja California, Mexico, whose first records date back to 1909. This species has several subspecies, one of them Codium fragile subsp. fragile, originally from Japan, has proven to be an invasive organism in different parts of the world. Objectives. Confirm the presence or absence of this invasive strain on the coast of the Mexican Pacific, comparing with individuals from Japan, the United States and Mexico using molecular tools. Methods. We analyzed 20 individuals of the different species recorded for the Mexican Pacific and ten outside the region, including two as outgroup. The genomic DNA was extracted using the Sanger method, regions of the psb and 23S markers were amplified, the sequences obtained were edited and aligned in MEGA and MESQUITE, subsequently phylogenetic analyses of maximum likelihood were carried out in PAUP and MEGA and Bayesian inference in MrBayes. Genetic distances were obtained in MEGA and PAUP. Results. It is shown that, genetically, the individuals from Mexico integrate a clade different from the Asian entity, with inter-species genetic distances that were located at 6% for the 23S marker, while for the subclades of C. fragile the distance between them was 0.4%. For psb, the distance was 25% between species and 2.2% between these two subspecies. Conclusions. Individuals from California and Mexico nested in the native clade C. fragile, while others also from California are recognized with that of Japan as belonging to the invasive clade (C. fragile subsp. fragile). At the moment, the absence of this invasive strain in the Pacific of Mexico is confirmed.

Background. Pontinus rathbuni has a distribution from Virginia to Brazil, USA, including the north of The Gulf of Mexico, nevertheless, there was not evidence of its presence in the southern part of these sea. Goals. The objective of this work is to report a new record in the southwestern of The Gulf of Mexico, including the larger known record of its size. Methods. Five specimens were captured by deep longline (between 160 to 300 m of depth), in the south coast of Veracruz, and they were preserved in a scientific collection. Results. The specimen of P. rathbuni were adults between 178 to 235 mm of standard length and around of 145 - 450 g of weight. They were recognized by have 17 rays on pectoral fin, the third dorsal spine is not elongated and there is not their development of the ventral process of the hypohyal. Conclusions. This record has expanded its distribution in 1,065 km toward the south of The Gulf of Mexico and this is the first record corroborated to Mexico. Also, there is a remarkable corporal size for this species.

Background. Abalones are aquaculture resources of great importance to the international food market. However, abalone cultivation faces a problem of food availability depending on the season, especially in Mexico. Goals. This study aimed to formulate diets for juvenile Haliotis fulgens from hydrolyzed algae. Methods. We evaluated the physicochemical parameters of the diets and their acceptability to juveniles H. fulgens. Three diets were formulated from different algae species: 1) Macrocystis pyrifera (MP), 2) Eisenia arborea (EA) and 3) mixture of both algae (MPEA). The total amount of hidrolyzed alga in each diet was 26%. Fresh E. arborea blades and the ABKELP® commercial diet were used as negative and positive control, respectively. Finally, the toughness, stability and acceptability of each diet were determined at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h. Results. The toughness and stability of all hydrolyzed algae diets were significantly different (p > 0.05) compared to the those of positive and negative controls. The toughness of the MP, EA and MPEA diets ranged from 600-630 g cm-2, whereas the ABKELP diet was tougher (700 g cm-2) after 24 h. The stability of the formulated diets was > 80%, while the ABKELP control reached 95% at 24 h. Overall ABKELP stability was significantly higher than those of the other diets (p < 0.01). The EA, MPEA, and ABKELP diets were more attractive to organisms than fresh E. arborea, although no significant differences in food intake were present (p < 0.05). Conclusions. All formulated diets exhibited physicochemical and acceptability characteristics that are suitable for H. fulgens

Background. The Baja California peninsula contains a wide variety of habitats and climatic conditions and is thus home to an enormous wealth of marine algae. Algae belonging to the Sargassum genus are often dominant in communities of the Gulf of California due to their high biomass. Goals. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Sargassum lapazeanum as a source of compounds with antioxidant, antibacterial, or anticoagulant activity in addition to its proximal composition and alginate content. Methods. An ethanolic extract (EE) was obtained from dried algae to evaluate antibacterial activity by means of the disc agar diffusion method and antioxidant activity by the stable free radical method (DPPH). The crude fucoidan (CF) obtained was fractionated by different chromatographic techniques, and its anticoagulant activity was evaluated by prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) assays. A structural characterization was also conducted. In addition, the proximal composition and alginate content and quality were determined. Results. The EE and its different fractions showed selective activity against bacteria of the Vibrio genus, such as V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus, in addition to free radical scavenging activity. The lowest half maximal effective concentration (EC50 = 39.96 μg mL-1) was obtained from fraction F6. Crude fucoidan and its fractions showed anticoagulant activity, with values comparable to those observed for heparin at concentrations of 10 μg mL-1. The sodium alginate yield was 22.8%, with low viscosity and high gel strength. Conclusions. Sargassum lapazeanum has high potential to be a source of compounds with antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticoagulant activity.

Background: Organic agriculture is based on the optimal use of natural resources, which helps to increase the biological activity of the soil naturally without using chemical compounds that can alter the soil, crops and aquifers. Some macroalgae have the potential to be used as bio-stimulants or soil conditioners. Goals: evaluate the potential of macroalgae as bio-stimulants or soil conditioners, through the evaluation of the growth of two species of importance as fodder or feed and the analysis of soil composition. In this study, eight macroalgae from the coasts of Veracruz, Mexico were tested. Method: They were added to the soil in the form of fragments and liquid extract around Trifolium repens (white clover) and Triticum aestivum (wheat) plants. A randomized design with four replicates was followed. Two treatments with algae-based stimulants, a chemical fertilizer and a growth hormone concentrate, and a distilled water control were used. Growth was recorded every other day. Results: showed that three of eight algae promoted growth (p<0.05). For wheat they were Acantophora spicifera (extract treatment and fragment treatment) and Ulva lactuca (= Ulva fasciata Delile) and Palisada perforata (fragment treatment); for white clover they were Acantophora spicifera (extract treatment) and Palisada perforata (fragment treatment), compared to chemical fertilizer (Bayfolan forte) and plant hormone control (Agromil V) and water. Conclusions: since the plants of the stimulant treatments grew less or the same as with the algae treatments, it is concluded that there is potential in the algae studied for using them as promoters for plant growth of crops with commercial interest, improving soil quality