Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

In this work, an energetic evaluation of appropriate mixture of cane harvest waste / sugarcane bagasse was carried out to improve the cogeneration capacity of both electricity and steam for the sugar production process in a typical Peruvian sugar industry. Peru has a tradition in the sugar industry characterized by its high sugarcane plantation productivity; However, the problem that persists to the present is the poor form of cane harvest (pre-burned cane in the field) and obsolescence technology used in cogeneration process.  The methodology begins with the mechanized harvesting in pilot area of cane plantation, followed by preparation and drying processes of harvest residues. Samples of waste are taken to laboratory for physicochemical and energetic characterization at different moisture conditions, obtaining calorific value and elemental content values. The appropriate waste / bagasse mixture that feeds the boiler was selected to proceed with the energy tests of Cogeneration Plant. As result, for an optimized fuel mixture, crop residues / bagasse in a volumetric ratio 1/4, the increase in steam production is achieved comparatively to combustion of bagasse alone. In electricity generated represents an increase from 13 to 18 MW, an increase in cogeneration efficiency of 22.5% and a reduction in cogeneration cost of 19%.  In this work, an energetic evaluation of appropriate mixture of cane harvest waste / sugarcane bagasse was carried out to improve the cogeneration capacity of both electricity and steam for the sugar production process in a typical Peruvian sugar industry. Peru has a tradition in the sugar industry characterized by its high sugarcane plantation productivity; However, the problem that persists to the present is the poor form of cane harvest (pre-burned cane in the field) and obsolescence technology used in cogeneration process.   The methodology begins with the mechanized harvesting in pilot area of cane plantation, followed by preparation and drying processes of harvest residues. Samples of waste are taken to laboratory for physicochemical and energetic characterization at different moisture conditions, obtaining calorific value and elemental content values. The appropriate waste / bagasse mixture that feeds the boiler was selected to proceed with the energy tests of Cogeneration Plant.  As result, for an optimized fuel mixture, crop residues / bagasse in a volumetric ratio 1/4, the increase in steam production is achieved comparatively to combustion of bagasse alone. In electricity generated represents an increase from 13 to 18 MW, an increase in cogeneration efficiency of 22.5% and a reduction in cogeneration cost of 19%.

In a normal coagulation / flocculation process, the coagulated / flocculated material is removed by sedimentation. The research proposal is to electrocoagulate and float them (electroflotation); For this, Al+3 and Fe+3 in-situ and oxygen and hydrogen are produced, in order to make this procedure more efficient (electroflotation), a pair of auxiliary electrodes is used, whose sole function is to produce these O2/H2 gases, This way the clots formed by the upper part of the system are removed. The simulated organic load comes from the reduction of the size of species such as proteins / meat, starches / cereals, cellulose / vegetables, fats / oils of vegetable and animal origin. The study was able to reduce turbidity of 1200-1300 NTU to values ​​below 16 NTU and values ​​of 3,400 mgL-1 of COD to values ​​below 500 mgL-1 of COD.

From 1920 the post-revolutionary Mexican governments set in motion oneof the most radical transformations that have been made in the continent, theconstruction of the Secretariat of Public Education, SEP, to teach literacy to the large peasant and indigenous mass that remained in illiteracy. This pro-cess brought together three important intellectuals: the Mexicans José Vasconcelos and Jaime Torres Bodet and the Chilean Gabriela Mistral. These had a long relationship of friendship and collaboration that transcend-ed the short years of Vasconcelos in charge of the SEP, the two ministries of Torres Bodet and his stay in UNESCO and the diplomatic and poetic wander-ing of Mistral. The relationship, which was maintained and succeeded de-spite the exiles, diplomatic positions and political vicissitudes faced by the three, far from being merely of friendship or formal diplomacy, consolidateda collaboration that lasted almost forty years, influencing the formation ofinternational organizations such as UNESCO. Our hypothesis is that, beyondthe global changes that took place between 1921 and 1964 and those thatexperienced the political and pedagogical conceptions of these intellectuals, there is a central idea in the educational project that was promoted in Mexi-co, which constitutes the contribution to universal education: the literacy of large masses excluded for inclusion in the nation the development of a cul-ture for peace.

One of the most useful developments for modern historians is the digitization of the newspaper archives, since these ones are appreciated information sources between scholars that want to understand issues associated with politics, culture, and society. This fact is promoting an increasing digitalization of this kind of archives, causing the appearance of “new” challenges, due to the fact lack of text recognition technologies application to digitalized historical newspapers. It makes difficult application of technologies that allow an automatic processing and retrieving events related to daily life, such as meteorological events. Taking into account this scenario, this paper addresses these challenges for discovering how terminology was used in news related to meteorological events performed in the Latin-American society from the XIX-XX centuries. For that, we gather digitalized historical newspapers, which are available from websites, from National newspaper and periodicals libraries associated with Colombia, Ecuador, México and Uruguay. Once these newspapers have been collected, we carry out a corpus linguistics through a bibliomining process, performing technical readings and the application of technologies (QDA-MinerLite and R), which allows retrieving the terminology about meteorological events related to newspapers from different considered countries.

Although he was essentially a diplomat and was involved in the preparations for the plans for the Argentine delegation sent to the First Pan-American Conference (1889-1990), Vicente Quesada was a precursor of Latin American modern anti-imperialism and above all of the theories postulating the existence of a regional international law for Latin America. Before modern Latin American anti-imperialist ideas were incorporated within the intellectual, diplomatic and political Latin American imaginary, Quesada put for ward a series of assertive critiques of the Monroe Doctrine as a safeguard to protect peace in the Americas and of the emerging Pan-American movement promoted by James Blaine in the context of the First Pan-American Conference. Moreover, preceding the institutionalization of international law as a modern discipline in Argentina and the construction of a continental legal tradition associated to Pan-Americanism, Quesada published a series of influential articles in which he sought to demonstrate that regional peace was the product of truly Latin American legal prínciples and not of the Monroe Doctrine. This article draws on these important pieces by Quesada and it argues that Quesada was pioneering in postulating a Latin American tradition of international law, advocating the construction of a regional Latin American legal order, safeguard from US expansionism.

Both in the nineteenth century and in the twentieth century, Latin American intellectuals have played a leading role as diplomatic representatives, favoring the projection and cultural prestige of their rights in the international arena. However, the explanation of why intellectuals got involved in diplomacy was restricted to the representatives of the high culture of the countries, and also to the United States for a good image abroad. This is the possibility of seeing beyond people to offer a broader reflection. This requires changing the way of studying international relations as the field offoreign policy to present attention to ideas, their circulation and networks.For this, this essay reflects on the Latin American intellectuals / diplomats, placing us in a temporality that goes from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the third decade of the twentieth century. The London-Paris-Washington axis is analyzed to understand the conjunctures, scenarios and actors that revolve around Latin American diplomacy.

The method based on the proposal of pairs of non-dialectical opposites, points out how the human being has built a dichotomous world, in which only two options are considered in human treatment: friend or enemy. Thus, the present investigation exposes the version of Fray Servando Teresa de Mier, around the miracle guadalupano, which did not adjust to the accepted by the Hispanic clergy of the nineteenth century, so it was designated as an apostate and enemy of the faith.  

El Centro de Investigaciones sobre América Latina y El Caribe de la UNAM publicó de forma electrónica una interesante obra que se enfoca en el diná-mico contacto entre México y Cuba, principalmente durante el siglo XX y lo que va del siglo XXI, bajo la coordinación de Indra Labardini Fragoso. Lacoordinadora es una internacionalista e historiadora que se ha concentradoen sus investigaciones a estudiar los vínculos diplomáticos y las relacionesinternacionales entre México y Cuba de 1901 a 1934, enfocándose en laposición del gobierno mexicano frente a la implementación de la EnmiendaPlatt en Cuba y a la presencia del constitucionalismo en la isla.

The coup d’état of 1930 and the political change that took place as its immediate consequence were the subject of attention by the Mexican representation in Buenos Aires. The diplomatic reports elevated by Rafael Cabrera, ambassador of Mexico in Argentina, seen on the Historic Archives of the Foreign Relations Secretary of Mexico, showed to the superiority the emergence of growing authoritarianism due to the tutelary presence of the military in local politics. Added to the above, from Mexico some voices were heard against the democratic interruption of Buenos Aires, such as the Latin American student movement and the trade unionist Vicente Lombardo Toledano, who in different spaces supported the defense of democracy in Argentina against the new regime. As a result, the thirties were characterized by the growing distance between the two nations, due to completely divergent political programs.