Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Objective. To evaluate and compare vaccination coverage among children aged 12-23 and 24-35 months living in localities with less than 100 000 inhabitants in Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2012 and Ensanut 100k (2018). Materials and methods. Estimate of coverage with both surveys. Results. Between 2012 and 2018, according to proof and self-report, the coverage of the basic scheme was maintained in children aged 12-23 (51.6 vs. 60.2%) and 24-35 months (51.4 vs. 50.0%). Similarly, only with proof (53.9 vs. 51.3% and 52.8 vs. 44.2%). In children aged 24-35 months, the coverage of the reinforced basic scheme reinforcements with probative document and self-report (30.9 vs. 34.0%) and only with reinforcements (30.2 vs. 27.8%) was maintained. Coverage with second and third doses of hepatitis B in both age groups decreased; additionally, first dose of measlesmumps-rubella vaccine (SRP, in Spanish) and third dose of Pentavalent in children aged 24-35 months. Conclusions. Coverages were maintained by schemes, despite reductions in hepatitis B, pentavalent and SRP. 

Objective. To estimate the prevalence of elevated (≥5.0μg / dL) blood lead levels (BLL) and its association with the use of lead glazed ceramics (LGC). Materials and methods. In 2018, we measured capillary BLL in a representative sample of children 1 to 4 years old residing in Mexican localities under 100 000 inhabitants (Ensanut 100k). We inquired about use of LGC for food preparation and consumption. To estimate its association with BLL, multinomial logit models stratified by region were generated. Results. The prevalence of elevated BLL levels was 21.8%. For the North, Central and South regions, the prevalence were 9.8, 20.7 and 25.8%, respectively. The association with use and frequency of LGC was highly significant and differential by region. Conclusions. Lead exposure remains a public health problem in Mexico, particularly in the Central and South regions, and is strongly associated with the use of LGC.

Objective. To evaluate early childhood development (ECD) and its determinants in 12 to 59 months old children residents of communities <100 000 inhabitants. Materials and methods. The Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición of communities <100 000 inhabitants (Ensanut 100k) evaluated language level, access to ECD care services and standardized indicators of the eight quality of the development environment. We report indicator prevalence and standardized language scores according to variables of interest. Results. 20.7% of children attended eight wellchild care visits within the first year of life, 13.0% received an ECD assessment, 75.0% receive support for learning, 23.4% have books and 57.7% experiment violent discipline. Improved language levels are associate with socioeconomic capacities, maternal education, preschool attendance, support for learning and household books. Children exposed to more protective factors present a language level 1.5 standard deviations higher than their peers exposed to more risk factors. Conclusion. There is a need to increase the coverage of ECD care services and to improve early development opportunities within households.

Objective. To compare the perception of the quality of ambulatory care in users of health services in 2012 and 2018, by indigenous and non-indigenous condition. Materials and methods. With information from two population surveys (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición [Ensanut] 2012 and Ensanut 100k) the quality of care was analyzed based on indicators of structure, process, health outcome and care satisfaction. Results. Between 2012 and 2018, the use of private health services increased; favorable opinion about the conditions of the site, and perception of short waiting times decreased among non-indigenous people. In public health services, the supply of medicines remained high, the laboratory and Rx tests in the same care unit and pharmacology treatment explanation decreased, particularly among non-indigenous patients. Perception of health improvement and satisfaction of care was adequate. Conclusion. An ambulatory care model aimed to response needs and expectations of the most vulnerable population, mainly the indigenous population, is a priority.

Objective. To analyze the adolescent motherhood trend and associated factors in under-100 000-inhabitants communities. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional analysis of 16 686 women in under-100 000-inhabitants communities in Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2006, 2012 and 100k 2018. We adjusted robust Poisson models with adolescent motherhood as dependent variable for women aged 12-19 and 20-24. Results. Attending school and using modern contraceptives decrease adolescent motherhood prevalence in both age groups. Among adolescent girls, having a health financing scheme, and early sexual debut in the case of adults, is positively associated with adolescent motherhood. Conclusions. It is necessary to strengthen public policies seeking to modify structural factors that provide life choices, and to maintain and strengthen the actions and coverage proposed by Estrategia Nacional para la Prevención del Embarazo en Adolescentes (ENAPEA) targeting this population.

Objective. To estimate the prevalence and distribution of anemia in Mexican women and their association with sociodemographic factors and diet diversity. Materials and methods. We analyzed information of women in childbearing age. The Ensanut 100k is a probabilistic survey that overrepresents households with less economic capacity. Anemia was estimated using hemoglobin concentration. We collected sociodemographic and health information, food insecurity, and dietary diversity. Results. 34.3% of the women presented anemia, belong to tertile 3 of welfare status is a protective factor for anemia (OR= 0.26, 95%CI 0.16-0.61), and living in a household with food security, as well as high diversity of the diet in rural women (OR= 0.57, 95%CI 0.36-0.92). Conclusions. It is necessary to implement actions of detection and early attention of the anemia in women in childbearing age, identification of its underlying causes, strengthening and reformulation of strategies to prevent it.

Objective. To estimate inequalities in access to health services among Mexican population living in localities of 100 000 or less inhabitants. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional analysis using the National Health and Nutrition Survey 100k 2018 survey data. Access was estimated using health insurance and care for the last health condition. As inequality measure, we estimated the concentration index using an imputation of household per capita income. Results. Among studied population, health insurance was 82.42% and access to care 60.03%. We identified inequalities in both indicators; marginal and pro-poor for insurance and pro-rich for access to care. Conclusion. In Mexico, even within the popuation living in poverty there are inequalities in access to health care. More granular public interventions are needed to address inequalities in an effective way.

Objective. To analyze the socioeconomic inequalities in health among the population of older adults in Mexico. Materials and methods. Analysis of two national health surveys in Mexico (Ensanut 2012 and Ensanut 100k) in which inequality gradients are estimated for various health and nutri­tion outcomes of older adults over 60 years, using the Relative Index of Inequality (RII) and the Slope Index of Inequality (SII). Results. Older adults with lower socioeconomic status had worse levels of cognition, instrumental activities of daily living, depressive symptoms, muscle mass, low weight, and anemia. Conclusions. Substantial socioeconomic inequalities in health were observed in this study. Given the rapid growth of the population of older adults in Mexico, our results indicate that urgent actions are necessary to achieve health equity in this population group, particularly universal access to health, as well as universal coverage of health services.

Objective. To evaluate the social factors associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption in Mexican adolescents from populations under 100 000 inhabitants. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut100k). It included adolescents between 10-19 years. Adjusted logistic regression models were estimated, obtaining Odds Ratio (OR) and confidence intervals 95% (CI95%). Results. Prevalence of tobacco consumption in the last month was 5.5% (10-14 years= 1.0%, 15-19 years= 11.2%); alcohol consumption 9.3%, and excessive alcohol consumption, 2.8%. Associated factors: smoking, sex (male, OR=6.00, CI95%: 2.89-12.46), age (OR=1.73, CI95%: 1.46-2.04), remunerated work (OR=2.87, CI95%: 1.12-7.34), affiliation to health services (OR=0.26, CI95%: 0.08-0.82); alcohol consumption, (male, OR=5.11, CI95%: 2.38-11.00), age (OR=1.70, CI95%: 1.51-1.92), remunerated work (OR=2.51, CI95%: 1.01-6.24). Conclusions. To reduce the consumption of alcohol and tobacco in adolescents, comprehensive prevention strategies must be implemented that consider the individual and social context.

This paper focuses on the episode of the indigenous tournament included in the anonymous poem Las guerras de Chile, cantos IX and X, in which take part two squads of people coming from Purén and Catiray, in the Araucanian region, when the sports fight is about to turn into a bloody fight to the death. It is analysed the relationship with the sixth chapter of the First Part of Las guerras civiles de Granada by Ginés Pérez de Hita (1591), where we found a similar combat between Cegríes and Abencerrajes. Some echos from the classic epic poetry are also mentioned, for example the catalogue of troops.