Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

SIN RESUMEN

Why is it necessary to break with gender inequality and what is the relationship with public policies? ¿Is there an answer to that? The economies that make up the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC) begin the third decade of the 21st  century with great challenges. ‘Gender Equality´   is one of the challenges to be achieved in order to comply with the 2030 Agenda and ‘leave no one behind´, within the framework of a recession scenario with profound technological change based on an unequal economic structure and each more digital. Therefore, we will focus on an analysis of some indicators that allow us to demonstrate gender gaps mainly about employment. Opening a discussion space to break down barriers and favor ‘gender equality´   in the countries that make up APEC is the interest of the current opinion. Beyond the cultural patterns that do not allow the economic empowerment of women, analyzing gender gaps form the perspective of public policies is the task and responsibility of the academy, international organizations, civil society and the State. First, we discuss the importance of achieving gender equality to achieve sustained development; second the characterization of women’s employment through  different indicators; finally, the digital economy and public political needs to favor women from the perspective of the feminist economy.

La importancia internacional de China ha causado la necesidad de comprender cualquier fenómeno asociado, uno de los cuales es lo concerniente a las llamadas “comunidades chinas de ultramar” o “diáspora china”. México y la Cuenca del Pacífico ha tenido a bien ser plataforma de varios estudios al respecto. Precisamente, la obra coordinada por Martínez Esquivel contribuye a engrosar el conocimiento sobre el mencionado tema.

Guest Opinion of U.S.-Japan relations in the era of Trump: Navigating the turbulence of “America First”

Hikikomori identifies both a phenomenon and a person who tends to socially isolate. It primarily affects adolescents or young people who lock themselves in their rooms for six or more months. This syndrome is being studied more from the psychology approach; nevertheless research includes the impact that social changes have had on Japanese youth today. Cultural elements, such as belonging to the group, honor, and success, contribute to create a more complex environment for the realization of young people causing a feeling of frustration. Young people, in order not to be criticized or questioned about their performance they rather to isolate. It is important to review the most well-known studies on the subject, as well as the cultural factors of Japan and the actions undertaken by the government; considering that this phenomenon is not exclusive to Japanese society and that given the social pressures and lack of opportunities in today's global society it represents a risk for youth in general.

This article analyzes the tool of public diplomacy called “panda diplomacy”, exclusive of China and how this piece of what is called soft power has served to this country. Using the method of data analysis, examines theoretical issues regarding public diplomacy; reviews panda diplomacy as an aspect of Chinese public diplomacy and its current use and, finally, analyzes the case of diplomacy panda with respect to Mexico. It concludes that this country would be of spearhead for recognition of other countries in the region, which necessarily did not take place. Another conclusion is that Chinese administration has resumed this tool to achieve rapprochement and to get possible concessions from countries interested in having pandas.

Mexico has shown in recent years a high export activity and a change in the composition of its exports, mainly manufacturing. However, the problem facing Mexico is that the economic growth generated by exports has been insufficient, which is associated with the low Added Value of Global Manufacturing Exports (AVGME). Therefore, this study was conducted seeking to determine the AVGME of exports from Mexico to its trading partners of the Pacific Alliance. For this, the INEGI methodology was used to calculate the AVGME and the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS). The results showed a decrease in exports and their percentage of AVGME, confirming that the strategy based on boosting exports through the creation of trade agreements is not generating the desired impact in terms of economic development.

The purpose of this article is to reflect on the paro-chial mentality as an issue to consider in the policy-making of subnational foreign trade policies, for the specific case of Sonora, Mexico. The methodological strategy was based on semi-structured interviews with experts, where nine actors were interviewed, those directly linked to the foreign trade policy, three from the public sector, three from the private sector, and three from the university sector. The main finding indicates that the parochial mentality is an obstacle to the effective policy-making on the subnational foreign trade arena since the lack of mental and commercial openness negatively affects the exploit of international opportunities. This parochial mentality is maintained and reinforced by the intense imbrications of business groups with political groups, where there are not the necessary check and balances to make competing decisions. Thus, the predominant policy-making pattern res-ponds more to maintain the local status quo, than to compete in the international market.

The automotive industry  is considered a source for economic development in both developed and developing countries. However, endogenous firms in developing countries may not reap the positive externalities of entering global production chains due to their technological and knowledge deficien- cies. This is particularly noticeable for Japanese production chains that demand high-quality parts and components and favors the procurement from companies from the same business group, limiting the opportunities for local firms. Training may help reduce this gap by transferring both tacit and explicit knowledge. This analysis provides evidence that institutions such as government agencies may affect the transfer of knowledge to local firms at the micro-level via training. The results from qualitative case studies show benefits from a training project carried out by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (jica) in Mexico. Participating firms expe- rienced overall growth and improvements in their quality and productivity indicators, allowing them to obtain certifications, increase their  customer base and diversify to new markets. The knowledge acquired was internalized and diffused throughout the firms and in certain cases spilled-over to other production lines and other companies.

The Pacific Ocean was integrated into the global economy when it was possible to travel from the Philippines Islands to New Spain, thanks to the navigator and explorer Andrés de Urdaneta. The Ocean discovered by Núñez de Balboa in 1513 and explored by the Magallanes-Elcano expedition, in its circumvallation of the Earth, between 1519-1522, focused the interest of other European powers in the 17th and 18th centuries that, until then it was just a Spanish sea. Dutch, British, Russians, Americans and finally French colonialism transformed the Ocean into the geopolitical core of their colonial disputes and their mercantilist interests. This situation was possible due to the existence of a weak Chinese Empire, where the colonial powers established their areas of influence for decades, and an isolated Japan with its medieval status, which used Western influences to become a great empire with expansionist purposes. The German Empire had little influence on the Pacific Ocean. This article shows that, at the end of the 19th century, the collapse of the Spanish Empire gave way to the new American imperialism and it was the origin of the influence of United States of America in the Pacific Ocean and transformed it into the geopolitical and geoeconomic center of gravity of the new world order.