Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

Objective: Knowing the condition of the objective and subjective poverty for the locality of Timul in Tahdziu, Yaxcaba considered as the poorest in the state of Yucatan and simulate its dependence on social programs (Procampo and Prospera). Methodology: A survey is carried out on a sample of households and with the information collected, objective poverty is estimated using the value of the rural welfare lines (year 2014) while determining the variables that explain subjective poverty. Also, the elimination of two social programs Procampo and Prospera is simulated to compare how it impacts on objective poverty. Results: 100 % of households are poor under the objective approach while subjective poverty comprises 92 % of the same households. The simulation shows that the Prospera program helps to eliminate 26 % of households in extreme poverty while Prcampo contributes in 4 %. Limitations: The study requires an update to a new national policy regarding the fight against poverty. Similarly, it does not show how local productive activities contributes to the alleviation of local poverty. It is also necessary to consider in subjective poverty aspects such as the ability to feed oneself, live without worries, self-respect and active participation in community activities, among others. Conclusions: There is a discrepancy between asolute and subjective poverty because there is greater objective poverty tan subjective poverty. It is also concluded that the elimination of the Prospera and Procampo leads to an increase in extreme poverty, which demostrates the total dependence on government support for family income. On the other hand, the lack of temporary jobs is the most important characteristic of subjective poverty. Thus, both approaches are complementary and useful to understand the socio-economic problem and propose public policies that facilitate poverty alleviation.

Objetive: Is to analyze food sovereignty as a social process, based on a case study in La Trinitaria, Chiapas. Methodology: A participatory methodology was applied to analyze the experience of the popular school “Learning Center for Peasants and Indigenous Development” (CEFADECI, by their acronyms in Spanish), where members of the Emiliano Zapata Peasant's Organization-Plan de Ayala National Coordination (OCEZ-CNPA) have being trained in agroecology topics since 2008. The methodology included qualitative interviews, transects and meetings with peasants of five rural communities in La Trinitaria municipality, in Chiapas. The Glissman's typology of agroecological process was used to analyze the different stages that the organization members are in their social construction of food sovereignty. Results: We highlight the social process and strategies to scale out agroecology for the construction of food sovereignty and the difficulties faced by the peasants to achieve it. Limitations: Within the limits of this paper, is that the systematization of experiences can include recommendations to improve organization process, but not necessarily have been taken into acount by the militants of social organizations. Conclusions: Among the conclusions are reached stands that the food sovereignty social construction's strategy can be improving whit an agroecological training and production program.

Objective: To identify the assessment factors that influence the willingness to pay a surcharge for the mezcal consumer. Methodology: A guided sampling was conducted with mezcal consumers attending the Mezcal Fair in 2018, a survey was applied with socioeconomic consumer information, sensory and physical attributes of mezcal. Consumers were stratified according to their willingness to pay a price premium for mezcal. The conceptual analysis was carried out with the use of k proportions to identify the semantic categories with greater recognition in the mezcal consumer groups; an analysis of the main components was carried out to identify the variables that affect willingness to pay. Results: The analysis of variance shows significant differences between the strata with disposition (DAP) and without willingness to pay (SDP) in the variables: occupation (P = 0.007), frequency in consumption (P = 0.034) and monthly income (P = 0.055). The variables with the greatest contribution to consumer behavior in the first component were education and income (22.7%), and packaging and labeling (41.6%) within the second component. The sensory attributes had no significant contribution. The conceptual analysis of the DAP stratum recognizes differences between ancestral and traditional mezcal and industrial mezcal, with respect to the remarkable aroma and flavor, process and artisanal equipment. Consumers of industrial mezcal highlight negative categories such as poor flavor and taste and greater use of technology. Limitations: Restricting the study area to the center of Oaxaca without considering other areas of consumption in this first stage of the investigation. Conclusions: The mezcal consumer assessment factors that influence its purchase decision are socioeconomic variables and tangible attributes of the product that reflect its authenticity, however, also influence it, cultural factors associated to terroir knowledge and practices.

Objective: To analyze the changes caused by the boom of quinoa prices in the Inter-salt flats region of the Bolivian Andean high plateau. Bolivia is main quinoa production zone, and the center of one of the most demanded varieties in the world market. This has been going through an important ecosystem and social transformation in the interval of a couple of decades. Its peculiarity lies in several related characteristics, among others. The food properties of the grain which has led it to reach a prominent place within the nutritive food movements; the process of re-population of the zone contrary to many other processes where mechanization depopulate; and, the relative ecosystemic monopoly of a certain varieties that has raised the expectation of considering quinoa within the criterion of food sovereignty. Methodology: based on the concept of ecosystem function, quantitative and qualitative indicators were designed to analyze the results of three fieldworks, a comprehensive bibliographical review and the systematization of national and international statistics. Results: there is a trend towards unsustainability in the area. On one hand, crystallized by the contamination and deterioration of bodies of water and soil in an area of fragile ecological equilibrium. On the other hand, the emergence of new social conflicts centered on territory and land tenure. Limitations: The relatively short period of two decades does not allow to establishing if the erosion of soil and degradation of bodies of water are already irreversible. Conclusion: The ecosystem changes in conjunction with socio-economic ones may be irreversible if a public policy with an integrated strategy does not come up.

Objectives: The first one identifies the socio-economic profile of the population of Loma Bonita, Oaxaca (occupation, schooling, gender, age and income) and its relevance for a king prawn´s (Macrobrachium acanthuru) consumer in the area. The second one, determines the role that certain attributes such as freshness and size play in the weighting of the king prawn´s shrimp buyer. Methodology: The statistical techniques applied were the principal component analysis  and the Conjoint Analysis. Results: Show that consumers look for a very fresh product, whose size exceeds 13 centimeters and is offered in the market at an average price of 140 pesos (kilogram). Another interesting result is that the consumption of chicken meat, among the surveyed population, ispositioned first in the center of the consumption of meat, poultry and fish and that the latter are considered as a competitive good of the king prawn. Limitations: The main limitation of this work lies in the rigidity of the conjoint method by limiting the possibility that the consumer evaluates some other factor not considered since the initial proposal. Conclusions: It was found that both consumer profiles found form two possible marketing target groups, the nearest competitor to fish is prawn and consumer preferences are inclined towards on a very fresh product, whose size exceeds 13 cm and it is offered on the market at a price of 140 pesos.

Objective: The aim is to analyze the perceptions about the quality of Iberian ham through the appreciations of consumers and sellers. Based on trust understood as interaction between both agents in the food chain. Methodology: A qualitative exploratory methodology was used, applying a questionnaire to 100 consumers and 30 ham vendors. Results: It was found that the current production processes and the incorporation of technology to the Iberian ham sector show four types of perceptions that were classified as positive current, better in the past, neutral and permanent. Limitations: There was no classification of the type of seller, and the size of the sample does not allow generalizations, so for future research it will be necessary to address these suggestions. Conclusions: The changes in the conception of quality are related to the perception on the application of the regulations of the ham sector, but fundamentally depend on the dynamic and built trust relationships between the consumer and the seller.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between the duration and structure of eating events. Methodology: Bivariate statistical analysis and hierarchical regression models in two levels using the Adult Commensality Survey of the Metropolitan Region (Chile, 2016). Results: It was identified that individual characteristics do not have a significant association over the duration of food events, while the intrinsic characteristics of their structure do have an influence. Limitations: The duration of food events is self-reported. In addition, the research is transversal and does not allow seeing the changes over time, and its results can only be extrapolated to the food events that occur in the winter and spring seasons. Conclusion: Respecting the social norms that regulate food can lead to longer food events because compliance implies respecting social conventions that take more time.

Objective: Analyze the potential of the Municipality of Cuitláhuac, Veracruz, to develop rural tourism. Methodology: A situational diagnosis was made through the application of a questionnaire to 75 producers in five locations, a survey of 15 municipality visitors and a semi-structured interview to seven key informants. An inventory of infrastructure and tourist services available was made. Results: Four routes are proposed, two associated with sugar cane and two with Persian lemon, for a total of 16 possible activities. Based on the findings, it is proposed to train farmers on agritourism through local organizations and establish a series of projects and dissemination programs to encourage rural tourism - given the cultural traditions, natural attractions and agricultural activities within the municipality-, as well as work in together with government at different levels on resources management to improve infrastructure and quality of tourism activities in the municipality. Limitations: We can say that there is insecurity in Cuitláhuac´s neighboring municipalities; in addition, no previous contact with respondents limited their participation and the reliability of the information they provided about their properties and belongings, coupled with little or no knowledge about agritourism in the communities. Conclusions: The Municipality of Cuitláhuac, Veracruz has potential to develop agritourism, but an integrative proposal is required to promote it.

Objective: The objective of this work was to build, from a historical perspective, the dynamics of the artisanal system, in order to understand its technological trajectory and the current configuration of its structure. Methodology: In order to carry out this research, interviews were carried out with key actors, both in the field of production and marketing and support. Results: Three periods of the artisanal cheese system could be defined. The first, ranging from the origin of the system to the 50s, is characterized by a rural supply of raw materials and the greatest relevance of the urban market of the city of Oaxaca. A second period, which goes until the 1980s, characterized by its greater concatenation with markets outside the state of Oaxaca and the impact of intense migration processes. Finally, a third period that goes from the 80s to the present, characterized by the loss of the presence of the system's products in the main urban markets, derived from the introduction of low-cost imitation products. Limitations: It is necessary to discuss more closely the cultural change, the modification of peasant life and the processes that built the new rural image of the region. Conclusions: As in other regions of the country, the influence of modernization in food production has tried to penetrate cheese-making craft processes; However, the technological culture of the artisans and the artisanal characteristics of their products have kept the system relatively stable against these attacks.

Objective: Analyze from the theoretical point of view, the economic integration through trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) between Mexico and Cuba. Methodology: Documentary research was used, through the selection and collection of information through the reading and critique of national and international documents and bibliographic materials. Results: The revision of the different theoretical currents about the integration allowed to identify which are applied to the concrete case of the problem raised of the investigation; Helping to explain the economic ties between both countries from an integrating perspective. Limitations: Apart from the numerous existing works on the most advanced integration processes worldwide, there are few theoretical studies in Latin America about schemes in their initial stages, which are developed on a smaller scale. Conclusions: The current stage of trade links between Mexico and Cuba contains elements of a process of economic integration in its early stages, with clear differences with classical European models. The commercial relationship approaches a north-south pattern, due to the economic and productive differences of both countries. On the other hand, bilateral FDI has not yet been consolidated as a catalyst for economic collaboration.