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This paper reflects on a series of intratextual and extratextual factors –related to his early predilection for poetic Modernism, the cul- tivation of fantastic tales, the rejection of social realism and magical realism– that would help to explain the slow insertion of Germán Espinosa’s work (1938-2007) in the canon of Colombian literature. As a complement to some clarifying metatexts (comments, interviews and author’s statements) we present an interview that we made to the writer José Luis Díaz-Granados in Bogotá, in September 2019, about Espinosa’s reception in the local environment and about the controversial personality of the author from Cartagena.

Crime is one of the most significant topics in the short-stories of the writer Germán Espinosa. In order to comprehend the nature of this recurrence it is necessary to cautiously revise the short fictions in which the criminal aspect manifests itself as an unassailable force, with an impulse without respite nor rest, revealing an anomic society at its deepest and darkest.

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Cortes-Cuevas A, Arce-Menocal J, Ávila-González E, López-Coello C. Phosphorus bioavailability, amino acid digestibility and metabolizable energy of broiler chick diets supplemented with low-oil distiller’s dried grains with solubles. VetMéxOA. 2019;6(3).doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.3.543.Phosphorus (P) bioavailability, crude protein (CP), amino acid (AA) digestibility, and apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) were determined in broiler chick diets, supplemented with one of two low-oil distiller´s dried grains with solubles (oil contents 6.54% and 5.35% for DDGS A and B, respectively). Diets were provided ad libitum in a mash form, from days 8 to 21 of age. In Experiment 1, one day old male broiler chicks (n=210) were assigned to one of 7 treatments, with 3 replicates of 10 birds each. Animals in treatment 1 (T1) were fed a basal diet formulated to be deficient in nonphytate P (0.14%). Birds in T2 and T3 received the basal diet supplemented with 0.05% or 0.10% of P from monodicalcium phosphate (MCP), respectively. Phosphorus from DDGS was added to diets in T4 (0.05% from DDGS A), T5 (0.1% from DDGS A), T6 (0.05% from DDGS B) and T7 (0.1% from DDGS B). Percent of inclusion of DDGS was dictated by total P content as determined by chemical analyses. Growth performance and P intake were assessed in all birds. Phosphorus bioavailability was determined using the slope ratio assay, with tibia ash as the response variable. For Experiment 2, one-day-old male broiler chicks (n=200), were assigned to 5 treatments with 4 replicates of 10 birds each. A sorghum-soya control diet was given to animals in T1. Treatments 2 and 3 included this same diet supplemented with either 5% or 10% of DDGS A. Birds in T4 and 5 received the control diet with either- 5% or 10% of DDGS B. Amino acid digestibility was measured from ileal contents in 7 euthanized birds from each group at day 21. Apparent metabolizable energy was determined in oven dried feces from all animals during the last 3 days of the experiment.  Weight gain and feed consumption increased (P <0.001) with larger inclusion of dietary P in birds from experiment 1. Relative P bioavailability for DDGS A and B was 72% and 86% respectively, from a P total content of 0.85% and 0.94%.,. Growth performance was similar for all treatment groups in experiment 2 (P >0.05). The average apparent ileal amino acid digestibility coefficient for DDGS A 76.5% and B was 76.4%. No differences were found for essential AA coefficients between the two DDGS (P >0.05). The AMEn values on a dry matter basis were 2828 and 2854 kcal/kg for DDGS A and B, respectively.

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Maciel-Rivera A, Flores-Villalva S, Jímenez-Vázquez I, Catalán-Barcenas O, Espitia-Pinzón CI, Morán J, Arriaga-Pizano L, Benítez-Guzmán A, Alfonseca-Silva E, Gutiérrez-Pabello JA. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis derived proteins induce caspase-independent apoptosis in bovine macrophages. Veterinaria México OA. 2019;6(1). doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.1.560.Species of the genus Mycobacterium are capable of inducing cell apoptosis. Infected cells with M. tuberculosis undergo apoptosis through a caspase-dependent pathway. We have previously shown that whole Mycobacterium bovis cells and derived crude protein extracts were able to trigger apoptosis through a caspase independent mechanism. However, the identity of the protein or protein fractions capable of inducing apoptosis has not been determined. In this study, bovine macrophages were incubated in the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant proteins and Mycobacterium bovis protein extracts to identify proteins capable of inducing apoptosis. A subgroup of proteins and protein extracts from strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex were shown to induce DNA fragmentation in bovine macrophages through a caspase independent pathway. Our findings suggest that bovine macrophages may elicit a different response to mycobacterium infection than that displayed by murine or human cells.

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Rubio Lozano MS, Méndez Medina RD, Reyes Mayorga K, Rubio García ME, Ngapo TM, Mancera KF, Galindo Maldonado FA. Effects of an allostatic modulator on the behavior and blood indicators of young bulls after transport. Veterinaria México OA. 2018;5(4). doi:10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2018.4.539An allostatic modulator (AM) composed of ascorbic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, sodium chloride and potassium chloride was dissolved in the drinking water of three groups of young bulls (n = 7) and administered to them for 7 d after 20.42 h of transport (Control (C) = 0 g/head/d, G2 = 30 g/head/d, G3 = 60 g/head/d). The effects of the AM on behavior and blood cellular and biochemical components were measured. G3 animals spent less time lying and more time standing than C animals (P = 0.001 and P = 0.02, respectively), indicating less fatigue. G3 bulls presented a lower frequency of agonistic interactions than those in the G2 group (P = 0.001), suggesting a possible effect on aggression that warrants further evaluation. The AM affected creatinine kinase (CK) activity in the G2 group compared to the C group (P = 0.04), suggesting an effect of AM components that has not been previously reported. Cortisol levels remained unaffected by AM supplementation (P = 0.55). These preliminary findings suggest an effect of supplementing cattle with an AM after long-haul transport.

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Torres-Castro MA, Medina-Pinto RA, Noh-Pech HR, Puerto FI, Rodríguez-Vivas RI. Molecular identification of Toxoplasma gondii in roadkill wild animals in Yucatan, Mexico. Veterinaria México OA. 6(1):2019. doi:10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.1.511.Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, recognized as the etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic endemic disease in several countries, including Mexico. In the Yucatan State of Mexico, Toxoplasma infection has a high impact in both human and domestic animal health. Wild animals can also host zoonotic pathogens such as Toxoplasma gondii. The presence of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in roadkill wild animals in Yucatan was detected using a nested Polymerase Chain Reaction. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was identified in several organs retrieved from a Yucatan squirrel (Sciurus yucatanensis), a coatimundi (Nasua narica), and a greater grison (Galictis vittata). The amplified fragments of Toxoplasma gondii DNA were purified, sequenced, and certified by BLAST analysis. Our results confirm that Toxo­plasma gondii can infect wild mammals from Yucatan, which could act as intermediate hosts and contribute to the transmission of the disease to humans and domestic animals, as well as other wild animal species. We present the first molecular evidence of Toxoplasma gondii in a squirrel and a coatimundi from Yucatan, and quite possibly in a greater grison at a global level.Figure 1. Agarose gel presenting PCR amplicons (560 bp) positive to Toxoplasma gondii. 1) C+: positive control; A: Yucatan squirrel liver sample; B: great grison femoral muscle sample; C: coatimundi kidney sample; C-: negative control. 2) A: Yucatan squirrel brain sample; B: great grison lung sample; C-: negative control.

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Rojo-Rubio R, González-Cortazar M, Olmedo-Juárez A, Zamilpa A, Arece-García J, Mendoza-Martínez GD, Lee-Rangel HA, Vázquez-Armijo JF, Mendoza-de Gives P. Caesalpinia coriaria fruits and leaves extracts possess in vitro ovicidal activity against Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei. Veterinaria México OA. 2019;6(4). doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.4.601.The ovicidal effect of hydro-alcoholic extracts from mature fruits and dried leaves of the Caesalpinia coriariatree, against Haemonchus contortus and H. placei was evaluated by the egg hatching inhibition test (EHIT). Secondary compounds within the extracts were identified by high performance liquid chromatography. Five extract concentrations were assessed in the inhibition tests (25.0, 12.5, 6.2, 3.1 and 1.5 mg/mL), using distilled water and Thiabendazole (0.5 mg/mL) as negative and positive controls, respectively. The results were analysed under a 2 × 2 × 6 completely randomized factorial design, and mean differences were established by the Tukey’s post hoc test. The 50% (EC50) and 90% (EC90) effective concentrations for each extract were determined using a Probit analysis.A concentration-dependent ovicidal effect of hydro-alcoholic extracts from both leaves and fruits was observed, reaching a 100% efficacy against both nematode species with the 25.0 mg/mL concentration (p < 0.05). The EC50 for the fruit and leaves extracts were established as 1.63 and 3.91 mg/mL, and as 3.98 and 11.68 mg/mL, against H. contortus and H. placei, respectively. The most important secondary compounds identified in extracts were free-condensed tannins, gallic acid and methyl-gallate.In conclusion,hydro-alcoholic extracts from C. coriaria mature fruits and dried leaves inhibit in vitro egg hatching of H. contortus and H. placei.

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Silva-Castillo RO, Flores-Ceballos S, Ducoing-Watty AM, Maldonado-Reséndiz RI. Use of endodontic paper points and Schirmer strips for measurement of tear flow in red-lored parrots (Amazona autumnalis). Veterinaria México OA. 2019;6(1). doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.1.624Ocular diseases are sub-diagnosed in bird species, partly because of limited diagnostic methods and lack of reference data. Placement of Schirmer tear test strips in the bottom of the conjunctival sac of birds for tear flow measurement can prove to be difficult, whereas paper tips commonly used for dental procedures may be easier to use, due to a more adequate size and shape. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess and compare tear flow values, using ABC Dental® # 30 color paper tips and TearFloTM Test strips in Red-lored Parrots (Amazona autumnalis) (n = 26). Captive birds of undetermined sex were housed in groups under similar environmental conditions and fed the same diet. All animals were deemed healthy through remote and physical examinations. Average tear flow values of 0.6365 ± 0.032 cm/min and 0.5942 ± 0.032 cm/min were obtained with the Schirmer strips test and the endodontic tips respectively. Lack of difference in observed values between measurement techniques (p = 0.3629) indicates that endodontic tips may be a good alternative for tear flow assessment in Red-lored parrots. In addition, endodontic tips are more cost effective and may be less invasive. This study stresses the need to establish species specific ophthalmic reference values for clinical practice in birds, since differences have been reported even in specimens within the same genus.Figure 1. Measurement of tear flow in Red-lored parrots using TearFloTM Test Strips

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Mendoza-López CI, Del-Angel-Caraza J, Aké-Chiñas MA, Quijano-Hernández IA, Barbosa-Mireles MA. Epidemiology of urolithiasis in dogs from Guadalajara City, Mexico. Veterinaria México OA. 2019;6(1). doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.1.585.Urolithiasis is a frequent and recurrent problem in dogs around the world. Several epidemiological studies based on mineral composition of uroliths have been carried out in different geographical areas. The objective of this study was to analyze epidemiological data of 195 dogs with urolithiasis from the metropolitan area of Guadalajara Jalisco, Mexico. To determine the chem­ical composition of uroliths, quantitative and qualitative analyses were per­formed by means of stereoscopic microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The dogs` median age was six years and a male-female ratio of 1.4:1 was ob­served. The most affected pure breed dogs were schnauzer, poodle, Labrador retriever, Yorkshire terrier, and German shepherd. The frequency of uroliths of struvite, calcium oxalate, urates, mixes, and compounds, is similar to the one found in other studies performed in other populations. However, a much higher frequency of silicate-containing uroliths (16.92%) was observed, both in a pure form as well as in mineral mixtures. These results led us to suggest the need to develop further investigations to determine the origin of this high frequency.Figure 1. Different types of uroliths. Note the differences in shape, size, color, and number; however, none of these characteristics is specific to a particular mineral composition.