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Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Medina-Pinto RA, Torres-Castro MA, Medina-Pinto RA, Bolio-González ME, Rodríguez-Vivas RI. Natural Cysticercus fasciolaris infection in rodents from a rural area in Yucatan, Mexico. VetMéxOA;2019(2). doi: fmvz.24486760e.2019.2.590.Cysticercus fasciolaris is the larval stage of Taenia taeniaeformis, a parasite that predominantly affects felines. It, however, has zoonotic significance since humans can be accidental hosts. Rodents and lagomorphs act as Intermediate hosts in this parasite’s life cycle. The aim of this study was to determine the natural occurrence of infection with Cysticercus fasciolaris in rodents from a rural area in Yucatan, Mexico. Rodents were captured in 40 dwellings and two neighboring areas of low deciduous forest. A total of 153 individuals of seven different species were captured: 65 Rattus rattus (42.5%), 44 Mus musculus (28.8%), 22 Heteromys gaumeri (14.4%), 11 Ototylomys phyllotis (7.2%), 9 Peromyscus yucatanicus (5.9%), 1 Peromyscus leucopus (0.6%), and 1 Sigmodon hispidus (0.6%). All animals were examined for evidence of parasitic liver infection. Rattus rattus was the only species to present positive Cysticercus fasciolaris infection (18.5%, 12/65). We thus concluded that there was no evidence of a transmission cycle with wild rodent species.Figure 2. Scolex of Cysticercus fasciolaris with four lateral suckers and an armed rostel with two rows of hooks. Sample collected from a Rattus rattus captured in Cenotillo, Yucatán, Mexico.

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Albuja C, Hernández-Cerón, Joel, Ortiz O, López C. Economic impact of pregnancy loss in an intensive dairy farming system. Veterinaria México OA. 2019(1). doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.1.572.Occurrence of pregnancy loss and the related economic impact were de­termined in an intensively managed dairy herd. A total of 3,204 cow and heifer pregnancies were included over a two year period. Pregnancy loss was considered when: (1) cows or heifers that were diagnosed as pregnant by transrectal palpation, on days 50 to 50 postinsemination returned to estrus; (2) animals were found not to be pregnant at diagnosis confirmation on day 90, day 180, or during the drying-off period; and (3) if an abortion was clinically diagnosed. Data were analyzed through descriptive epidemiology and by survival analysis with the Kaplan-Meier method. The estimated cost of a single pregnancy loss was determined by the Monte Carlo methodology. Overall, 17.2% of cows (372/2,162) and 6.5% of heifers (68/1,042) had pregnany losses; the greater risk being in the first 90 days of gestation for cows (5.3/100 and 8.3/100 pregnancies in 2012 and 2013, respectively). Occurrence of pregnancy loss in heifers was also higher during the first tri­mester of gestation (1.7/100) in 2013. However, the pregnancy loss inci­dence peaked, between days 120 and 150 of gestation (1.7/100) in 2012. The cost of a single pregnancy loss during the first trimester was estimated at $5,253.00 (Mexican pesos), between days 91 and 180 at $9,674.00; and for over 181 days at $21,984.00. In conclusion, overall pregnancy loss rate in the studied herd was 17.2% for cows and 6.5% for heifers. The highest incidence of pregnancy loss occurred during the first 90 days of pregnancy. Thus, pregnancy loss may be the main reproductive cause affecting profitability of intensive dairy farming systems.

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Antonio Marcos EG, Monroy Hermosillo O, Cortés Barberena E, Rodríguez Tobón E, Rivera Martínez JG, Arenas Ríos E. Can C-phycocyanin be used as a sperm protector? Veterinaria México OA. 2018;5(4). doi:10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2018.4.642C-phycocyanin (C-PC) is a biocompound extracted from Arthrospira maxima. It is a chromophore-protein complex, with antioxidant properties. Its ability to prevent oxidative stress allows for diverse medical applications. This study evaluates the use of C-PC as a protein supplement and an antioxidant for in-vitro sperm preservation in a short-term extender. Viability, progressive motility, DNA damage and percentage of reactive oxygen species where assessed in Swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) sperm stored for up to 72 hours at 4 °C. Treatments with C-PC had the following concentrations: 0, 34.5, 69, 138 and 207 μg mL−1. Progressive motility and percentage of sperm with undamaged DNA were unchanged (20%) after storage for 48 hours using the 138 μg mL C-PC concentration−1.

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Peña-Corona S, León P, Mendieta E, Villanueva M, Salame A, Vargas D, Mora G, Serrano H, Villa-Godoy A. Effect of a single application of coumestrol and/or dimethyl sulfoxide, on sex hormone levels and vaginal cytology of anestrus bitches. Veterinaria México OA. 2019;6(1) doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.1.656.Canine overpopulation continues to be a problem with serious public health implications, despite a diversity of programs and strategies that have been implemented for its control. Coumestrol (COU) is an organic compound with estrogenic activity, thus having the potential to alter reproduction in mammals. COU is commonly dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) before ad­ministration; however, evidence indicates that DMSO is not inert. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of either a single oral administration of COU diluted in DMSO or of DMSO-alone, on serum progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2), on vaginal cell pattern, and on anestrus and diestrus lengths in bitches. Fifteen anestrus female dogs received either a single commercial dog food biscuit (Control, n=5), a biscuit with 600 μg of COU/kg diluted in 20 μL of DMSO (COU, n=5), or a biscuit with 20 μL of DMSO (DMSO, n=5). Circulating P4, E2, and changes in vaginal cytology, were assessed within the first month after treatment administration. Hormone levels were also measured from months 2-6 post-treatment. Mean differences were analyzed by the GLM procedure for repeated measures. COU enhanced serum E2 levels, and DMSO increased serum P4, number of vaginal anucleated superficial cells, and diestrus length. All dogs were deemed healthy based on all periodical clinical exams, but abnormal mammary gland growth and/or galactorrhea were observed in two COU and one DMSO-treated bitches. The findings of the present study expose the need to reevaluate previous reports of use of COU in bitches, and perhaps in other mammals.Figure 1. Progesterone (A) and estradiol (B) serum levels in anoestrous bitches receiving a commercial dog food biscuit alone (Control; n=5), a biscuit with coumestrol diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (COU; n=5), or a biscuit with only dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; n=5). a,b Different letters within sampling day indicate difference between treatments (P<0.05).*specifies statistical increase on post-treatment days 21 (P<0.0048) and 28 (0.0008). Data are presented as LSM ± standard error. 

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Akkose M, Cebi-Sen C, Kirmit A, Korkmaz O, Yazlik MO, Gocen M, Kuru M, Akçay E. Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) and progesterone concentrations in Holstein heifers following two methods of estrus syncronization. Veterinaria México OA. 2019;2019(2). doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.2.646.Pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) and progesterone concentrations were assessed in Holstein heifers 28 days post-insemination, following estrus synchronization with either a double prostaglandin (PG) injection or the ovsynch protocol. Animals between 15 and 20 months of age, with a 3-3.5 BCS, were randomly assigned to three groups: Heifers in the control group (n = 70) were monitored for estrus behaviour for 21 days and inseminated when detected in standing heat; Estrus of heifers in the Ovsynch group (n = 70)) was synchronized following the Ovsynch protocol, and timed artificial insemination was performed 16 h after the completion of treatment; Animals in the PG group (n = 70) received two prostaglandin-F2α injections 11 days apart, were monitored for estrus behaviour for 2-5 days following the last injection, and inseminated when in heat. Serum PAGs and progesterone concentrations were measured in pregnant heifers (control group n = 25; ovsynch group n = 22; PG group n = 21) on day 28 after artificial insemination (AI). Mean serum PAGs concentrations (OD: optical density) were similar between groups (control = 3.37 ± 0.148, Ovsynch = 3.21 ± 0.136, and PG = 3.34 ± 0.143; p > 0.05). However, serum progesterone concentrations were found to be lower in the ovsynch group (4.70 ± 0.17 ng/mL) when compared to the PG (5.34 ± 0.13 ng/mL) or the control (5.37 ± 0.08 ng/mL) groups (p < 0.001). There was no correlation between serum PAGs and progesterone levels at day 28 post-insemination, or between early pregnancy PAGs concentrations and fetal death rates. Further research, including multiple sampling time points throughout gestation, after estrus synchronization protocols is warranted, to determine if there are associated temporal changes in PAGs and progesterone profiles that could impact reproductive parameters in dairy heifers.Figure 1. Mean progesterone concentrations on control and synchronized heifers on day 28 of pregnancy. a,bDifferent superscripts indicate differences between groups (p < 0.001).

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760 Cite this as: González-Padilla E, Lassala A, Pedernera M, Gutiérrez C. Cow-calf management practices in Mexico: Farm organization and infrastructure. VetMéxOA. 2019;6(3). doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.3.677. Beef cattle breeding has developed in extensive grazing systems in Mexico, concerning the livelihood of over one million families and affecting the use of natural resources. The diversity of climate, region, land tenure, herd size and poverty level potentially influence livestock farming. To detect areas of opportunity in the use of human, animal and natural resources, and to determine the degree of technological penetration, a structured questionnaire was administered as personal interviews to 3280 producers. Over 50% of farmers have an activity other than cattle breeding, mostly raising crops and other livestock. Weaned calves, primarily destined for the national market, are the foremost commercial product. Nevertheless, 20% of farmers in the northern region export their calves. European X Zebu crossbred cattle are widespread (over 45% of operations), followed by Bos taurus taurus breeds (22%). Criollo and predominantly Zebu cattle are present in <15% of farms, and dairy breeds in <5%. Over 70% of producers declared to select animal breed based on productive traits and adaptability, even though only 52% have record-keeping systems. The customary method to register data is hand-written, and < 7% of producers use computers. Recorded information comprises data on reproduction (59.1%), calves (44%), herd health practices (32%) and purchases and sales (28%). Over 95% of farmers identify animals by hot iron marks and National Individual Livestock Identification System (SINIIGA) ear tags. Close to 52% of animal breeders do not receive technical advice. Finally, according to producers, the main constraints for farm growth and profitability were lack of access to credit, followed by low market value of their products and insufficient infrastructure.

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Oğuzoğlu TÇ, Koç BT, Akkutay-Yoldar Z, Salar S, Baştan A. Detection and whole genomic characterization of Bovine Papillomavirus type 1 associated with severe mammary cutaneous warts in Turkey. VetMéxOA. 2019;6(3).doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.3.674.Papilloma viruses (PVs) induce epithelial tumors in their natural hosts. These tumors are located on the mammary gland of cattle; therefore, PVs are considered viral agents with significant effects, both economical and on the animals’ health. Also, knowing the diversity of bovine PV (BPV) and its prevalence in countries worldwide is important to develop optimal diagnostic methods, as well as methods to fight this infection.The aim of the present study was to characterize the full-length genome of BPV 1 as the dominant type circulating among cattle in Turkey. It is the authors’ opinion that the results of this work provide useful information for further studies on the preventative steps that can be taken against BPV infection.Papilloma lesions on the mammary gland and udder of a dairy heifer from a daire infected with Papillomavirus.

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Aquino I, Gutiérrez-Blanco E, Ocampo L, Gutiérrez L, Bernard-Bernard MJ, Sumano H. Anesthetic evaluation of a novel phospholipid-free 1% propofol microemulsion formulation in dogs. VetMéxOA. 2019;6(3). doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.3.654.A novel four-week stable experimental formulation of propofol lacking phospholipids (PMICRO) was assessed as an anesthetic agent in dogs and compared to the customary preparation of propofol that contains phospholipids (PMACRO). Forty healthy mixed-breed dogs were included in this study and randomly assigned (blocking by sex and age), to receive 5 mg/kg of one of these two pharmaceutical propofol preparations, by intravenous injection. Basal and post anesthetic blood biochemical parameters were measured. Also, cardiovascular and respiratory rates were recorded. Onset, duration and recovery from anesthesia, were documented as well. Overall, IV administration of PMICRO induces a short duration anesthesia with rapid recovery in a similar manner to anesthesia achieved with the customary propofol preparation (PMACRO). Because PMICRO lacks phospholipids, it may allow a longer storage time, decreasing the likeliness of accidental administration of contaminated propofol.Figure 1. Particle size (nm) of a phospholipid-free 1% propofol microemulsion (PMICRO) diluted with either sterile 0.89% saline solution (SS) or 5% glucose solution (D5W) at different concentrations. Particle size was measured 5 min after dilution.

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Akkutay-Yoldar Z, Taylan-Koç B. Molecular characterization of partial and nearly full parvovirus VP2 gene sequences from Turkish domestic cats. Veterinaria México OA. 2019;6(4). doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.4.643..Parvoviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that cause a fatal disease in cats and are able to mutate for cross-species transmission. Both the feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and the canine parvovirus (CPV), with their antigenic variants, induce a disease in cats that presents with similar signs. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of parvoviruses in blood and exudate samples from five clinically symptomatic cats (from Ankara, Turkey). The gene coding for the VP2 structural capsid protein of the obtained parvoviruses was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), purified and partially or nearly full-length sequenced. The maximum likelihood (ML) method was used for molecular characterization. Phylogenetic analysis based on nearly full-length sequencing of the VP2 gene and amino acid arrangement showed that four of the viral strains were closely related and localized in the same FPV cluster. The fifth strain found was located in the same cluster but on a separate branch. Viral field strains were included in the CPV-2 group as determined by partial genome analysis: four fitted in the CPV-2c, and one in a separate clade within the CPV-2b group. To our knowledge, this is the first report that details nearly full-length VP2 gene characterisation in Turkish cats. Overall, nearly full-length VP2 contrasts were more effective to determine the origin of parvovirus strains, than partial length comparisons.

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Torres CG, Laytte-García MJ, Tadich-Gallo TA. Perceptions of small animal practitioners and pet owners on professional competencies in veterinary practice: an essential component for curricula design. Veterinaria México OA. 2019;6(4). doi: 10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2019.4.683.Veterinary schools are responsible for defining their curricula in accordance with societal needs. For this input, listening to stakeholders from outside academia is essential. The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of Chilean small animal practitioners and pet owners on the attributes they consider that constitute a good veterinarian, and to relate these attributes to demographic characteristics. For this, a cross-sectional survey study was designed. A group of 308 small animal practitioners and 328 pet owners from Santiago Metropolitan Region, in Chile, were surveyed. The survey included twenty attributes and questions on demographic characteristics and was applied via email to professionals, and to pet owners sitting in waiting rooms of small animal practices. The majority of respondents in both groups were young adult females. Significant differences in the importance given to 12 out of 20 attributes were found between groups. When asked to prioritize three attributes, both groups mentioned “knowledge about veterinary medicine and surgery”, followed by “recognizes own limitations and knows when to seek advice” as well as “good communication skills” in the case of veterinarians. In the case of pet owners, “confidence”, “recognizes own limitations” and “knows when to seek advice” were the following attributes. Results showed significant differences within groups according to gender and age, with females and elder respondents giving higher importance to the attributes included in the study. Professional skills should be considered when developing new curricula in Chile, especially those important for local stakeholders.