Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The comparative analysis of soil organic carbon (COS) in different systems of use is based on the characteristics of the soil associated with the management and conservation of the systems, the study focused on knowing the organic carbon content at different depths in two types of systems of use such as a natural ecosystem and a farm dedicated to cocoa cultivation. Soil samples were collected at the previously selected points and taken to the laboratory for analysis using the Bouyoucos method, which is based on the principle of sedimentation and makes it possible to determine soil texture by establishing the proportions of sand, silt and clay present. In the natural ecosystem (evergreen forest), the COS content at a depth of 0-15 cm is notably higher, reaching 41,76%, increasing to 42,20% at a depth of 15-30 cm. In contrast, in the cocoa agricultural zone, COS levels decrease from 41,92% at a depth of 0-15 cm to 39,56% at a depth of 15-30 cm. These findings underline the influence of soil depth and type of soil use on the distribution of organic carbon. The natural ecosystem has a superior capacity for organic carbon storage, due to the natural conditions that promote soil fertility and productivity.

The use of fire by farmers has been a common practice worldwide for decades. The objective of this work was to diagnose the use of fire in agricultural activities at the Estancia Vieja site, Portoviejo canton, Manabí, Ecuador. For the development of the research, a non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional design was used. The sample size was calculated with the Decision Analyst STATSTM 2.0 software. The information was obtained by applying a semi-structured questionnaire to 123 agricultural producers. The statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS program (Version 22.0). The hot spots for contrast with the months in which fire is most used were obtained from the Fire Information for Resource Management System. In the locality, the use of fire in agricultural activities is common, mainly for clearing land destined for the implementation of agricultural crops. The respondents showed that they have knowledge about the hours and months in which they should burn in order to achieve the objective of eliminating the greatest amount of crop residues and weeds, as well as about the way to burn these fuels depending on the existing quantity of them and about the prevention measures they observe before burning. This information supports decision-making in the field of integrated fire management. It is suggested that similar research be carried out in other localities but considering the relationship of the use of fire with meteorological conditions, fire behavior and its effects on the environment. 

The University of Guayaquil, following the outlines of the country's agricultural policy, through the Vinces support center of the University of Guayaquil, carried out two research projects for the development of new varieties of rice; From this, two varieties called “Vinces UG-03” and “Vinces UG-10” were obtained. The objective of this research was to evaluate the morphology and industrial characteristics of two varieties of rice. A completely randomized block design was used with five treatments and four repetitions; an analysis of variance was performed to compare means using the Duncan test (p=<0,05). Agronomic and industrial parameters were evaluated in accordance with the “UPOV” International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants protocol. According to the results, it was determined that the variety “Vinces UG-03” in the variables: panicle: length (cm), caryopsis at maturity: length with shell (mm), caryopsis at maturity: width with shell (mm) , caryopsis at maturity: weight of a thousand grains with shell (grams), quality: industrial quality: proteins (%) and industrial quality: yield (%) presented the highest averages, which means that this variety has distinctive characters that would provide to agro-productive and industrial rice development. 

In recent years, important changes in natural ecosystems have been reported worldwide due to different human activities. One of the main results of these activities is the loss and fragmentation of habitats caused by changes in land use. In this context, the present research was conducted in the Caña Brava community belonging to the Santa Ana canton; it was proposed to analyze forest fragmentation during the period 2015-2021 applying a mixed approach; among the most important results we have that, for the year 2015 the forest had an extension of 267,21 ha distributed in 6 patches, while for the year 2021 the vegetation cover decreased to 163,46 ha, increasing the patches to 9; the area without vegetation cover between this period increased 28,21 ha, Likewise, the agricultural frontier was expanded by 75,74 ha, reducing the vegetation cover to 103,75 ha, so the degree of forest fragmentation for the year 2021 was 0,4, classifying it as Insularized. It is concluded that agriculture is the main cause of forest fragmentation, and if protection measures are not contemplated, the level of fragmentation will continue to increase, affecting ecosystem services in the area for present and future generations, even altering compliance with SDG 15 "Life and terrestrial ecosystems" and SDG 11 "Sustainable communities and cities". 

Corn stands out for its large crop volume, high yield and starch content, an important source of energy. Given the need to preserve the health of the consumer and provide various uses for this polysaccharide, the objective of this work was to apply two modification methods (acid: citric acid and OSA: octenyl succinic anhydride) on corn starch of two varieties (yellow and purple), to increase the content of resistant starch (RS) to digestion, and thus, select a treatment that allows improving its prebiotic potential. The extracted starches had a purity between 86,25% and 93,78%, indicating good extraction efficiency. Yellow corn allowed the highest yield in obtaining native and modified starch by acid method and OSA method (47,97% to 56,07%); compared to the yield achieved from purple corn (39,06% to 45,98%). The highest RS content (95,30%) was observed in purple corn starch modified with OSA, and the highest amylose content (AC) was observed in the starch of yellow and purple corn treated with citric acid. in a hot humid environment (37,09 to 41,89%) (p < 0,05); which indicates that, mainly purple corn modified by OSA can act as an additive with great prebiotic potential, useful for designing new functional foods. 

Documents generated in 2012 on the mangrove remnants of the El Salado reserve in the city of Guayaquil - Ecuador, where the component is rescued: Flora with city, were analyzed, as well as other national sources that have produced information on the aforementioned ecosystem. National publications and legal instruments that have been used for the conservation of mangroves were systematically reviewed. The Estero Salado mangrove was delimited into three study areas, the field techniques and the statistics used were presented.  The results by study areas are differentiated by their diversity, dominance and abundance. Zone I correspond to the interior part of the city of Guayaquil, with mangroves reduced to strips, on surfaces approximately between 2 to 3 m from the shore, zone II reflected high values with respect to the Importance Value Index (IVI).  Zone III is far from human settlements, so it maintains the best forest conditions with dominance of Rhizosphora species. harrisonii and R. mangle. Stress affects the species that are present in 22.5% of the 40 stations analyzed, and insects in 70% in Rhizophora sp. and Laguncularia racemosa. The state of the mangrove strips of the El Salado reserve in the Guayaquil city constitutes the first floristic inventory from more than a decade ago, and the conditions in which it is currently found have not changed, specific political actions need to be implemented for its recovery. 

The role of soil micro and macro-organism in the incorporation of carbon to soil aggregates of tropical soils has been understudied. To test soil aggregate formation and carbon incorporation by earthworm activity, we conducted a field experiment within a secondary forest and a microcosm experiment at the University of Puerto Rico in Mayagüez. We used 13C natural abundance in vegetation and the difference in 13C between C3 and C4 plants to track carbon sources in the soil. Maize leaves were utilized to trace the incorporation of C4 carbon within soil aggregates, allowing for a clear distinction between this carbon source and the C3 carbon derived from forest vegetation. Earthworms and soil samples (Typic Haplohumults) were collected at 0-10 cm soil depth. Aggregates size classes were separated by the wet sieving method. In the study site, two earthworm species were found belonging to epigeic and endogeic ecological categories. In a period of 6 months, our field data suggests that endogeic P. corethrurus can reorganize small macroaggregates to form large macroaggregates. Our results suggest that P. corethrurus shows a preference for consuming soil-derived carbon and can translocate it from microaggregates to macroaggregates by restructuring soil aggregates. 

Attention to diversity is an educational issue of social relevance at a global level, which places the teacher as the main person responsible for facing the challenges it implies through curricular adaptations. The main objective of this article is to analyze the characteristics of the training received by basic education teachers in order to promote educational inclusion in the southeast region of Mexico. The methodology used is quantitative, with a descriptive survey-type scope. The results revealed that the majority of the teachers surveyed received training on issues related to attention to diversity and curricular adaptations (CA); furthermore, this training was produced out of personal interest and autonomously. They also expressed that they had received training through workshops and courses, which were given in a mixed modality, addressing contents mainly related to awareness of diversity in the classroom and the processes that allow CA. Similarly, teachers emphasized the relevance and usefulness of the training received to address the diversity present in the classroom. Finally, among the challenges most frequently faced by teachers, it is worth highlighting the ability to relate the contents of the training to the context or reality experienced in the classroom.

The specification of the various family structures and trends in the domestic roles played by teachers of all school levels, belonging to a private school in the State of Mexico, was the purpose of the study in a broad framework that will allow all the school community, in a mediate way, learn important aspects of the people who are in charge of many school groups to guide the academic training processes of several generations. Under the quantitative paradigm, a descriptive cross-sectional non-experimental design and stratified sampling were used, which allowed the study of a sample of three hundred nine subjects representative of the entire teaching population of the educational institution. The information obtained through an online questionnaire provided results that indicate that the fact of having lived in a family-school-work environment, given the social distancing by Covid-19, implied a substantive change in housework that was slightly greater for female teachers, than for men. Likewise, it can be concluded that domestic tasks are assumed in a similar magnitude by both the female and male sex, since the difference is not statistically significant as might be thought from the prevalence of a traditionally macho culture in Mexico. This data testifies to the progress towards an ideal of equality in Mexican society and an ideal of functional balance in the family context of teachers, with the respective influence that these changes can have on the relationships between the personal components of the school system.