Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The study and characterization of the urbanization processes of a city through its different stages and temporality becomes essential to understand the origin of urban problems. These will support future research. This paper's objective is to characterize the urbanization process that Bacalar, Quintana Roo, has had since its foundation (year 415) until 2020. The main result and contribution of this research identify urban stages of growth of Bacalar from different moments and events that defined them over time as tourist urbanization. This article used a "descriptive" research methodology. Information was collected through official sources such as general censuses, population counts, urban and municipal development plans, decrees, hemerographic sources and specialized literature

Green Infrastructure is a relevant element talking about a sustainable territorial model to provide environmental, social, and economic benefits. In Mexico, even though there are increasing efforts to incorporate the issue in urban public policies through the publication of guidelines and guides for green infrastructure, the policy has not been consolidated at the national level yet, nor is there a specific law incorporating its definition. Therefore, this paper analyzes the origins of the concept to find key concepts that allow us to review the current normative framework in the country and offer some insights that will help usconsider Green Infrastructure in Mexico as an instrument of environmental and urban policy.

In this research work, the removal of a dye dissolved in the aqueous phase was studied using organic waste from infusions as a bio sorbent. Methylene blue was de the dye used and remnants of Green tea were the biomaterials. The bio sorption experiment was a batch type, the concentrations of the synthetic solutions of colorant dye were 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 y 50 mgL-1. 10 mL of each solution were taken and they were put in contact with 10 mg of biomaterial in test tubes. The treated samples were collected in periods of 5 minutes. Later on, the ultraviolet spectrophotometry and hach equipment were used to determine the colorant removal degree and to establish the control variable reduction the oxygen chemical demand. The results demonstrated that after 5 minutes of contact the maximum dye removal of blue methylene was executed. The process of this treatment yielded excellent results for low concentrations of the pollutant giving as a result 99% of efficiency. The percentage of effectiveness on diminishing the colorant concentration. It was concluded that bio sorption of the dye can be performed using organic residues from infusions. The bio sorption process was fitted to the theoretical Freundlich isotherm model with a Pearson coefficient (r2=0.998).

This essay aims to develop a theoretical argumentation with emphasis on perception as an instrument for evaluating the visual quality of landscape and the importance of providing ecosystem services coming from urban green areas, since a systemic perspective. This favors the understanding of the environment - society relationship beginnig from de routes on green areas as public spaces where human beings enter into certain social relationships; they constitute areas of cultural identity, historical heritage and environmental value. The population growth of cities in Mexico demands an adequate provision of urban green areas, since these are incluided whitin the criteria that determine the quality of life for its inhabitants. Therefore, the development of studies about environmental perceptions constitutes an approache that allows to understand how human beings perceive their environment and make decisions to build relationships and transform their environment. The method for this argumentation consists on the development of two stages; the first refers to the identification and recognition of the elements that make up the complex system, the second stage consists on a theoretical and epistemological review focused on the analysis and pondering about each element of the system, the physical environment or territory; around theoretical, normative and methodological arguments related to human being. The results obtained are presented in a theoretical argumentation from a systemic perspective.

Abstract Given the mobility complexities faced by the metropolis of Guadalajara, this article analyses the socio-spatial conditions under which users of the cycling infrastructure move around and how these conditions are related to accessibility in the southern periphery of the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area. Using a qualitative approach, the main contribution of this research is to highlight the existence of different strategies for the appropriation of public space and to analyse how they impact on the choice of bicycles as a means of transport.

This paper's objective is to analyze the spatial distribution of urban voids and leave a precedent for its future potential for the renewal of cities in Mexico. Geographical methods of spatial remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used. Some results from geostatistical processes, were obtained from the manual digitization of 173,900 urban voids in the 32 federal entities of the country. Among the main findings, it was found that the farther away from the city center, the number of urban voids increases but also their surface; Furthermore, its spatial distribution warns that cities are fracturing to the outside, creating voids or larger holes in the periphery. Likewise, of the five types of urban voids, 54.46% are vacant lots (111,869); the kind of infrastructure in disuse occupies the length of a surface with 33.61% supposing a bad planning and ordering of the economic activities in the cities of the country. To conclude, revitalizing the city is essential before doing a management, administration and management based on an efficient regulatory frame, is a requirement the design, planning, ordering and spatial organization for optimal use of urban land. Consequently, the planning tasks suggests a differentiated treatment of the center and the periphery based on a redefinition of urban containment measures in Mexico. 

The demographic dynamics that our cities face today demand an organization and urban structure that responds to new requirements, that responds to the needs of an increasingly visible sector such as the care of the elderly population. Each time this demographic sector is expanding, there is a greater number of elderly populations in our cities, therefore, the requirements in terms of structure and organization of cities are more specific, such is the case of an urban structure and distribution specialized urban equipment that allows easy access to this vulnerable sector of the population, as manifested in the city of Toluca. The objective of this work is to analyze whether the current urban structure and specialized urban equipment in the city of Toluca satisfies or not the accessibility needs of the elderly population and whether this affects their quality of life in this vulnerable demographic sector in the study area so that it can be replicated in other cities with similar characteristics. To achieve this, an urban characterization is used around indicators such as urban structure, specialized urban equipment, elderly population, displacements, and reason for transfer, spatial interaction, among others in the study area. Said characterization is based on statistical, documentary, and field information. All this constitutes the input and support of this work.

In April 2016, Ecuador was affected by an earthquake of magnitude 7.8 ° on the Richter scale, disturbing with greater intensity the provinces of Manabí and Esmeraldas. In addition to the vast human and economic losses, the earthquake made visible deficiencies in local risk planning and management processes. This study explores, from comparative analysis, the paradigm shift, or its absence, in municipal planning related to disaster risk reduction from the earthquake. This research-based on the comparative analysis of the Development and Territorial Plans of Manta in Manabí and Muisne in Esmeraldas, had to update with emphasis on comprehensive risk management. The research results show that beyond the obligation to incorporate a comprehensive risk management approach into planning, in the cases analyzed these objectives were not met, evidencing, on the contrary, a utilitarian sense focused on obtaining resources.

Metropolitan Areas. With the number of labour benefits, an average was elaborated, as well as an analysis of the distribution of income in percentages and distribution quartiles. This information was processed based on what was reported by the working population in the 2015 intercensal survey, the population consisted of five age groups, in addition to the respective sex and the size of the locality of residence. The results obtained reflect that the sample size is sufficient to find evidence of differences between the groups formulated concerning the average benefits they have, where the gender variable plays an important role in finding that women report a greater number of labour benefits in general. Despite the labour category is lower.

This article addresses the incidence of urban regulations in real estate valuation and the development of the city of La Plata in the last years from a structuralist approach. The working hypothesis establishes that the land policies applied in the La Plata district affected real estate valuation and encouraged residential urban expansion processes that accentuated the difficulties of access to land for a large sector of the population. This situation forms a neoliberal urbanization model with a rentier logic that responds to long-term structural issues and leads to the commercialization of urban space aggravating the conditions of urban informality in the context of a peripheral and dependent economy. The methodology used for the analysis of the problem combines quantitative and qualitative techniques: for the scrutiny of the valuation, a survey of the supply prices of the land of the entire district has been carried out (comparing the years 2010 and 2018), for the analysis of the urban residential expansion, the information was collected from satellite images photo-reading and government databases, which were systematized in geographic information systems (GIS). The information related to land policies was collected based on documentary sources and primary information from semi-structured interviews with key informants from the municipality. All data were dialectically confronted with the theoretical-conceptual framework.