Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

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The city of Petrópolis has a differentiated trajectory in relation to other Brazilian cities, because the synchronic economic, political and social conjuncture gives the city a unique character in its creation. The purchase of the Córrego Seco farm in 1830 by Dom Pedro I is the first measure to carry out the construction of the imperial palace and the creation of a village called Petrópolis. For the study of the geography of the past of the imperial city of Petrópolis, a search was carried out for normative and cartographic historical documents along with memory institutions. In this sense, three historical documents stand out, two of them normative: Imperial Decree nº 155 of 1843, landmark of creation of the city and the last document, the provincial report of 1846, which specifies the distribution of imperial deadlines according to the use of the land and occupational status of tenants. As for the historic cartographic document, the Koeler Plan of 1846 stands out, the guiding document of this research authored by Julio Koeler. In addition to this, four other historical plans were analyzed, which were georeferenced from the cartographic base on a scale of 1:10,000 acquired from the City Hall of Petrópolis. The georeferencing made it possible to overlap the limits of the five historical plans and together with the normative historical documents to analyze changes that occurred in the limits of this new city, through the vectorization of blocks and imperial terms, in addition to other constant features in the historical plans. Thus, with an interval of fifteen years from the first historical plan to the last one analyzed, together with the normative historical documents, a great expansion of the limits initially drawn in the Koeler Plan was verified.

The study of urban spatial dynamics generates an approach of great importance in scientific research, whose purpose is to determine the evolution of models and patterns of spatial distribution in the revaluation of land uses. The spatial arrangement of longitudinal axes or corridors in height with functions of centrality in Mexico City has been shaped through the transit of the monocentric urban structure of the metropolis in the mid-20th century, transited between 1950 and 1980 through a stage of multiple hierarchical centralities, towards that of a complex web of tertiary and residential urban corridors of high economic cost that organize it today. The work aims to historically develop the socio-territorial configuration of Mexico City that is currently moving towards multi-nuclear forms of organization, structuring and functions of centrality, framed by the current high-rise real estate boom; To visualize the territorial configuration, georeferenced databases are built from official statistical information and their subsequent link to a Geography Information System as a tool for the management and creation of cartographic products for spatial analysis and cartographic overlay. In this sense, the statistical and cartographic results allow us to evaluate that the magnitude and scope of the changes in mixed land uses, focused on determining the spatial distribution of the new nodes and corridors in height, advance mainly towards the western area of ​​the city, largely complementing the centrality of traditional urban corridors.

In the state of Michoacán, Mexico, the forest loss has increased due to the change in land use caused by the expansion of permanent crops, particularly avocado cultivation. The spatio-temporal models allow us to know what are the interactions influencing the occurrence of this phenomenon of land use change and help to visualize the resulting spatial patterns. In this research, changes in land use were identified from 1994 to 2015 in the municipalities of Charo, Hidalgo, Indaparapeo, Queréndaro and Zinapécuaro in the state of Michoacán. Within the above context, a DEFORELATIONS model was built, where the spatial relationships present in the study area were analyzed, and those factors that have influenced the loss of forest and open forest were identified. Finally, a prediction was done of the areas susceptible to forest loss and their degree of probability of forest loss. From the application of the model, from the 10 spatial relationships analyzed, only proximity of forest cover to human settlements, proximity to roads, and proximity to permanent and annual crops, were relevant to forest loss. In the case of the loss of open forest, the same relationships were relevant, with exception of proximity of forest to roads.

The research describes and explains the patterns, costs and limits of daily mobility caused by the urban structure of Ciudad Juarez. The concatenation of classical and contemporary theories of location, urban structure and mobility underpinned the analysis processes and results of this study. Methodologically, Moran's I and Getis-Ord's G spatial autocorrelation techniques were implemented for the analysis of INEGI's economic censuses, which spatially identified the sub-centers of total, manufacturing and tertiary employment in the periods 1993, 2004, 2009 and 2014. On the other hand, a two-stage data survey was conducted throughout the city by means of origin-destination surveys, which showed, from a macro scale, mobility patterns in terms of time, distance, origins, destinations, number of trips, transportation preferences, motives, ages and economic costs. At a micro scale, graph theory and network analysis allowed spatial modeling of each intra-urban trip, the results of which are detailed in a Mobility Atlas that includes each of the 64 territorial units into which the city was divided. The research proposes a replicable methodology and provides relevant and current information about the city, useful for other studies, decision making and public policies on urban structuring and mobility.

Climatic and anthropogenic changes cause the deprivation of distinct ecosystems in Costa Rica, transforming climatic, ecological, and geomorphic conditions. The high tropical biodiversity of Costa Rica and the tropics is suitable to improve the understanding of hydrogeomorphic process dynamics and to produce baseline data on past disasters in scarce-data regions. The principal motivation to connect natural hazards and dendrochronology on tropics is the desire to create methods that can reduce its exposure and vulnerability. The principal research aim of this study is to give reference data that can improve the understanding of hydrogeomorphic processes and to explore the potential of tropical trees in dendrochronological applications. This paper combines remote sensing, meteorological assessments, and dendrochronology analyses, hydraulic modelling, and risk assessments. This innovative research describes the reduced understanding in tree-ring analysis in Costa Rica related with past disasters and their linkage to climate. This study will likely contribute to the implementation of new methodologies in disaster risk research, and it will promote future adaptation strategies in the most biodiverse region of the world.

The urban pattern has changed significantly in Latin American cities over the last decades. Since the 1980s, urban policies have increased the periphery land value, promoting suburbanization that restricted spaces for informal settlers. The study used Landsat imagery to analyze if urban pattern changes in Bogota, Colombia and Sao Paulo, Brazil forced informal settlements to move closer to environmental risk areas or areas with limited mobility. This research used a stratified supervised classification to locate formal and informal developments in 2000 and 2018, followed by multiple criteria evaluation to categorize environmental risk and mobility in the study area. The results revealed that segregation in the periphery of cities is not a generalized pattern in the city periphery but a localized phenomenon encouraged by urban policies.

El libro Ráster con Terra de Danilo Verdugo, autoeditado y dispuesto a la comunidad de manera libre y sin restricciones, surge como resultado de la extensa preparación de clases prácticas y teóricas del uso de la plataforma R a profesionales del área de las denominadas geociencias.

El Atlas de Cuba publicado en 1949 por el Institute of Geographical Exploration de la Universidad de Harvard en cooperación con el Ministerio de Agricultura de la República de Cuba, fue elaborado por el geógrafo y cartógrafo cubano, Gerardo A. Canet Álvarez en colaboración con Erwin Raisz, cartógrafo estadounidense nacido en Hungría. ...

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