Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

The training for people who develop their productive activities in ecosystems considered as vulnerable, has as a fundamental axis the conservation of the biological and cultural richness; this process shows as problematic the lack of specific methodologies that adapt to the socioeconomic and environmental realities of these zones. This investigation had as principal aim to create a training’s methodology for small touristic entrepreneurs of the Choco Andino Region of Pichincha, through the analysis of the association’s members and the entrepreneurship’s characteristics, to improve the quality of the touristic services. To reach these goals, a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research was performed, the most reliable form of research was the case study with tools such as: bibliographic review, and an ethnographic approach with semi-structured interviews and focus groups discussions. The study allows to determine: actors and needs of training, concluding that the andragogic model is the best training tool, because it promotes contexts based on frank dialogue and wide participation. The Andragogic Methodology achieved a consensus level among all participants, it is based on the labor competences model and it constitutes a training tool for small touristic entrepreneurs that can be adapted to areas with similar geographical and socioeconomic characteristics.

In Ecuador, the community-based tourism is legally acknowledged and regulated by the government. These regulations include the type of activities and the type of training that the indigenous and rural communities which offer this service need to have.  The requirement of training has become problematic for the members of the communities that offer this type of tourism due to different reasons, for instance: trainers with limited knowledge of the community, trainers who do not have enough knowledge of pedagogy and methodology to promote an active participation of the members of the community they train, and contents that are not pertinent to the community. For this reason, a collaborative mode of training in which with the guide of a facilitator and the use of the Problem Based Learning approach, the members of the community take the lead of their own training. This with the aim to have community-based tourism programs that are sustainable and profitable. Keywords: community tourism; sustainability; training; pedagogy; methodology

The SMEs represent in an employee generator and development to Ecuador, that´s why always companies are looking to implement new strategies and guidelines to improve their competitiveness levels, and the human talent area is one of the keys for the core business and for the development in a medium or long term due to the contribution of the human team that is working for the company. The present investigation paper is centered at identifying what is the leader role in the human talent area, his personal and professional characteristics, the knowledge that should have, the challenges that have to face organizational and personally with his working team. In order that a person starts to develop, that helps to define his particular leadership style in function to the organizational objectives, and has to adopt positions that let him to motivate the people that have in charge, to satisfy the internal clients demands to rise the satisfaction, to line up with the owners and finally to self-motivate and to challenge himself to conquer new results. Finally, to have a full and transformational leadership, is important that the objectives, procedures and the strategies of all the company have to be communicated in a clear way, measurable and reachable.

The conservation of the heritage of the Historic Center of Quito is closely related to tourism activities. During the recent municipal administrations, the pedestrianization of several streets and the creation of tourist terraces, are justified in safety criteria, decreased levels of environmental pollution, improved air quality and provide better conditions for the arrival of tourists. These actions on the territory have generated the appearance of new stakeholders that benefit from the conditions that the destination offers them, replacing traditional economic activities, with new ones that respond to an approach to boutiquización (hotels, restaurants, souvenir shops). On the other hand, the formation of local groups and the participation of new entrepreneurs who also seek to benefit from the new conditions offered by the territory. The document addresses the conflicts that arise around the touristization of the Historic Center of Quito, where the construction of better spaces for the development of tourist activities, lead the city to processes of changes in economic activities and acceleration of the loss of local population.

Previous studies have shown that factors such as the size of the company, the leverage, investment decisions, and the ownership structure influence the tax burden borne by companies. In this study, we analyzed the determinants of the tax burden of Ecuadorian companies, for which a sample of 27 877 firms were selected in the 2014-2017 period. As a proxy of the tax burden it was selected the effective tax rate. We analyzed how the size of the company, the leverage, the investment decisions, the profitability and operations abroad can affect the effective tax rate. The results shown that the effective tax rate has a negative relationship with the variable size, supporting the theory of political power, that is, that larger companies have less fiscal pressure, likewise it was observed that the variable profitability had a negative and significant relationship with the effective tax rate indicating that companies with higher profitability bear less tax burden. On the other hand, there is evidence that of a positive relationship with the variable leverage, which means that the most leveraged companies support a greater fiscal pressure. The variables capital intensity, inventory intensity and operations abroad are not significant, so it can be concluded that they are not determinants of the tax burden.

Quito as the capital of Ecuador is part of this research through a descriptive study with observation techniques and bibliographic review in local enterprises and large companies.Among the elements found is that since the eighties international franchises and hotel chains broke the market with quality and high performance that defied the percentages of corporate activity. In addition, Ecuador has a new Tourism Accommodation Regulation, in force since 2015, where the categories of: tourist farms, lodges with the potentialization of heritage infrastructure and resorts with all food, beverage and recreational services are already incorporated. Among the results found, one of the greatest competitive advantages is the lodging rates recognized as one of the cheapest in America. In addition, the report that reflects the accommodation and food service industry occupied 27.7% of the income generated by employment generation in the sector and the highest concentration of employability is in the Special Tourist Zone "La Mariscal". Finally, the limitation in investment capacities in the small ones in technology and innovation in front of the big franchises and chains stands out.

The objective was to exhibit alternative tourism in the district of Lunahuaná - Cañete, department of Lima, Peru. The research presents a holistic phrase with a mixed approach. The sample was composed of one hundred people among residents and tourists who visit the district. For the quantitative results, a survey was applied to people between eighteen and fifty years of age identifying with the Pareto chart two critical problems, one of them is the ability of the district to accommodate tourists in high seasons and the guides do not have technical knowledge. For the qualitative analysis, interviews were conducted with people who know and work in Lunahuaná, who indicated that the tourist resources are not conserved, the tourist guides need to be trained and an agreement with the tourism policy is urgently needed. The proposal aims to improve the tourist plant during the high seasons, provide lodging services in houses and spread the historical heritage value. Besides, the quality of the guided service must be improved and encouraged not only by traditional tourism but by other varieties such as gastronomy, experiential, mystical, cultural tourism to increase the economy and the quality of life of the inhabitants.

The objective was to propose a strategy to improve internal communication in a private company. With a methodology based on the mixed approach, projective type, comprehensive level, inductive-deductive method. Internal communication problems were obtained as results, whose situation causes low interest in the resolution of management problems and low efficiency in the fulfillment of their functions, in terms of corporate identity, it was observed that employees do not have a Good image of the organization, in addition, employees do not participate in collective activities and do not contribute ideas to improve the work style and adaptation in the company, likewise, there is a misuse of communication channels, generating both the commitment as the motivation is diminished, negatively affecting the results. It was proposed to apply the Employer engagement strategy, whose guidelines lie in performing the Employee Branding technique and the management of human resources 2.0, both seek to turn employees into the visible face of the company, optimize the corporate identity of the organization, improve Personnel management and performance, create communication strategies improving the emotional value of work and loyalty.

The present research developed aims to propose strategies to improve the organizational commitment of the sales area of a company in the cosmetics and personal care industry. The study was worked through holistic term, mixed approach, projective type, comprehensive level, inductive and deductive method, for the collection of data a questionnaire corresponding to 18 items was used, the population consisted of 15 sales advisors, while the interviews were applied to the three managers. The processing and analysis of quantitative information was carried out with the support of the Pareto diagram, Spss.24 software and Atlas.ti for the qualitative. Organizational commitment was measured through three components: affective, continuity and normative commitment, resulting in lack of involvement, lack of motivation and continuous rotation, that is why the IML Model involving engagement activities was raised, motivation and a career line to elevate organizational engagement that is important the achievement of the organizational objectives.

Ecuadorian non-oil imports from China in recent years have had a significant effect on the trade balance, generating knowledge about Ecuador's situation during the period analyzed, in macroeconomic aspects such as the trade balance that affected the gross domestic product (GDP) on an average of 3%; imports from China have resulted in capital outflows of $ 15,262 million; causing macroeconomic instability, among others. The significant amount of information available in this regard, which constitutes a secondary source of information, which allowed a comparative percentile analysis of non-oil imports and exports of the data collected. This analysis allowed certain conclusions to be drawn up a priori, for example, that in order to generate development and growth in Ecuador, production and industrialization must be supported, generating strategies such as bilateral cooperation and mutual support agreements and agreements that favor the parties; opening markets in other latitudes, which contribute to improving national accounts and a possible trade balance with China.