Sistema Regional de Información
en línea para Revistas Científicas de América Latina,
el Caribe, España y Portugal

This study aims to determine the situation of food and nutritional security and some associated factors in households in the municipality of Kukra Hill-South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (RACCS). It is an analytical study of risk factors, with a sample consisting of 107 heads of households. The instrument used was the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale, some additional indicators were added. Among the key findings it highlighted that food insecurity affects a third of the households surveyed. Severe food insecurity reached 32%. There was concern in more than half of households that food would ran out, and lack of money or other resources saw availability and access limited. More than half of households do not have a nutritious diet, there is little variety of food. In relation to the amount of food, half of households at some point ran out of food, many ate less than usual and even stopped eating breakfast, lunch or dinner, for lack of money or other resources. Hunger affected all households, where some of the members, were hungry but had nothing to eat, so they did not eat and sometimes ate only once a day, and some spent the entire day without eating. Food Insecurity in the homes of respondents was associated with geographical location. Living in zones 3, OR = 3.43; = 5.03 Chi² live in zone 5, OR = 3.48; Chi² = 5.64. Education, be illiterate OR = 2.73; Chi² = 3.49. Less than C $ 2.850 monthly income OR = 4.72; Chi² = 4.30. Ethnicity be the Miskito OR = 4.68; Chi² = 5.79. Income coverage, covers less than the minimum expenses. OR = 2.05, Ji = 3.Ji=3.

Thinking systems are a holistic method, included in the set of methods known as soft systems. The concepts of conservation and natural resource management and community life, become a dilemma of difficult conciliation in reality. Currently, it is necessary to deal with complex and dynamic situations in the daily agricultural and natural resource management and environment. The direct beneficiaries are residents and owners of protected areas; indirect external actors represented by organizations, governmental and non-governmental organizations, including institutions of higher education and research. Using soft systems and thinking systems, experiential learning and Kolb cycle as well as mind maps, rich picture and various participatory tools, we began a process in Zapatera Island, to generate an exchange of views and opinions and a platform for communication and interaction that brings the common positions of the different actors and enable progress towards updating and joint identification of a comprehensive management and consensual plan for the protected area, Zapatera Island Archipelago National Park. The results are flattering in the sense that they were able to establish such a platform and the degree of communication and exchange, is key in achieving advantageous positions for different actors especially the inhabitants of the archipelago. Coordinate UNA and SLU, supported by MARENA, and other NGOs and GOs.

The study was conducted in three rural communities in the municipality of Jinotega (Sisle, Finca San Gabriel and Corinto), all belonging to the micro basin of Lake Apanas, Jinotega, Nicaragua. The objective was to characterize the nutritional status and quality of life of the families. The methodology used was from perspective of quantitative approach with qualitative components. It had a population of 253 families and a sample of 72 families, which were taken at random using the following criteria, families with a child or girl under five years of age, that the family had at least six years living at the community, and householders willing to provide the information. For data analysis, descriptive statistics were used. The results establish that the boys and girls under five years of age are born with good weight, mothers take care for the development of the baby by attending the health center and the respective prenatal care at least once a month. Mothers provide breast milk to infants during a period of 3- 6 months, according to suggestion by the health ministry, which provided minerals and vitamins needed for growth of the baby. Families have basic services such as electricity, drinking water and sanitation. Furthermore, families have quality of life, housing in good condition with adequate walls, floor and ceilings, which provide security and preventing overcrowding.

This study was carried out in the Center for Experimentation and Validation of Technology (CEVT) Las Mercedes UNA Located in Managua; the purpose of this study was to generate information on the agronomic performance of 12 cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) produced in net house conditions. The experimental design used was a 3x4m rectangular lattice with two repetitions. The data was evaluated through analysis of variance ANOVA and LSD 95% of confident. The information of ten fruit characters was recorded, seven of them were quantitative and three rest qualitative. The analysis showed that the genotypes evaluated in open field conditions and in greenhouse conditions presented a similar behavior in the case of: polar and equatorial diameter, brix degrees, and number of cores. Whereas the Shanty genotypes CLN3125L, AVTO1032y AVTO1059 gave the highest yields in the greenhouse. Based on the analysis of agronomic performance, the promising genotypes to continue AVTO1032, AVTO1059, AVTO1058, AVTO1078, AVTO1005, AVTO1008 and 1x10).

The dry forests of Nicaragua present a diversity of goods and services such as timber species as non-timber species (medicinal, floor protection, wild fauna) and scenic beauty. This study was carried out at The Chipopa, community of the department of Granada. The objective was analyzing the floristic composition, structures, floristic diversity and increment, of the secondary vegetation of the tropical dry forest. To obtain basic information on the arboreal vegetation that allows guaranteeing a management ecologically sustainable. There were two mensuration of the diameter of the arboreal species bigger than five centimeters in three permanent plots. The plots were of 0.25 hectare and were established during the period 2006 and 2009. A total of 43 species were identified represented in 26 botanical families, being the most representative Fabaceae, Euphorbeaceae, Hipocrataceae, Mimosaceae, Rubeaceae. The diversity of species is a little bigger in the 2009; confirming in this way that the forest follows a slow but sure process of enrichment floristic. The periodic increment annual average was of 0.58 cm year-1. As the time the forest reaches a structure with trees of all the sizes and a bigger composition of species. It is recommended to apply silvicultural treatments such as lianas liberation, thinning to improve increment of the species.

The research was conducted at the National Agrarian University of Nicaragua in the years 2014-2015 in order to generate a system of indicators to assess the state of incorporation of the environmental dimension in the areas of planning and institutional implementation. The research is exploratory and descriptive, analytical and documentary type. The indicator system was built based on secondary information available (books, articles, essays and others) and professional experience of the researcher, using the following procedure: a) Collection and analysis of secondary information; b) Definition of the reference model (establishment of categories that are grouped indicators), c) Development of a basic proposal of indicators and validation by expert judgment, d) Preparation of Indicator System. This system is a methodological tool for the status of actions in the areas of institutional planning and implementation from which to evaluate compliance with the commitments assumed institutional training, conservation and environmental protection.

Rodents are the most diverse group of mammals worldwide. Of this group, there is enough information for many species, however, at the local level, information is scarce for some species. In the case of Nicaragua, there is relatively little documented information or easily accessible on the subject. A list of species of rodents present in Nicaragua was developed through a literature review of global and regional references. Each of the species of rodents present in Nicaragua collected basic information, for its recognition, as well as its relationship with the people. For Nicaragua are currently reported 39 species of rodents, including rats and mice, squirrels, pocket gopher, porcupine, agouti and paca, of which two species are endemic to Nicaragua. It is considered that the information contained in this document provides a general overview about the taxonomy and diversity of this group in Nicaragua. To its time, is expected that in the measure that the professional and technical related with this group taxonomic have of more information, is conducive to the development of studies local that expand the grade of knowledge of this group. The availability of local basic information is essential for making management decisions, either for control of some species or protection of others.

The whitefly-virus complex (Bemisia tabaci)-Geminivirus and Halticus sp. are the main cause of economic losses in tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum Mill) in the municipality of Tisma, Masaya. Due to this situation, a study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of botanical insecticides such as: Chile + Garlic + Soap, Madero Negro, Chrysanthemum, alcoholic extract + Chili and alcoholic extract + Chili + Garlic in the period from December 2013 to February 2014. Of the treatments evaluated, the lowest number of whiteflies per plant and lower percentage of severity at one hundred days after transplanting was obtained with the treatment Alcoholic extract+Chili+Garlic. The treatment Madero Negro had the highest effectiveness in managing populations of Halticus sp. The economic analysis showed that the highest yield was obtained by the Alcoholic extract+Chili+Garlic with 34 685.18 kg/ha-1 followed by the treatment Chili+Garlic+Soap with 30 614.28 kg/ha-1. According to the marginal return analysis, this proved that the treatment Chili+Garlic+Soap is the one who obtained the best marginal rate of return with 1 476 %, which means that USD 14.76 is obtained for every dollar invested. According to samples of tomato tissue and whiteflies insect samples sent for analysis to at the University of Arizona in Tucson, this determined that the 66.66% of white flies samples from Tisma are indigenous whitefly, biotype “A”, and the 33.33% corresponds to the “B” biotype, the one that is more aggressive than “A”. The Begomoviruses analysis found that severe curl leaf tomato (ToSLCV) with at least 96% and golden mosaic virus of pepper (PepGMV) with 98% identity were identified in this study

The marango (Moringa oleiífera L.) is a tree of the family Moringácea that grows in the tropics, it is a crop of great importance in both Latin América and also in Central América. In Nicaragua, during the past few years, has grown the interest in this crop majorly because of its nutritional potential in the supply of cattle, pigs and birds. However, the marango as any other crop is been affected by many problems, including some phytosanitary problems, causing these, a drastic reduction in the total returns of this crop. With the aim of contributing to the informatión for the management of insect pests in Marango, this study was conducted in order to identify the principal insects associated to marango, in additión, to know the populatión fluctuations of these insects in the different times of the year, to learn about the insect abundance, richness and their behavior. This work was carried out in the period from November 2012 to April 2013 in Managua, in two farms, Las Mercedes and the national center for research in agriculture, belongs to the National Institute for Agriculture Technology (INTA). In both farms, traps were placed for the capture of insects; these were 12 Pit fall trap and 12 traps of plastic gallon containers with water and molasses. The total number of traps placed per farm was 24. The sampling was done weekly and insects collected in the field were brought to the laboratory for identificatión. According to the results obtained in the study, the main orders of insects found associated to marango were Orthóptera, Mantodea, Hemíptera, Dermáptera, Homóptera, Thysanoptera, Coleóptera, Díptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Blattodea, Isóptera and Megaloptera. It was found that the greater insect abundance was found in the farm Las Mercedes, and the greater insect richness was found on the farm INTA. The diversity index was higher in the INTAb farm than in Las Mercedes farm with rates of 1.14 and 1.13 respectively. This is the first study in Nicaragua where it is identified and described the major insects associated to marango.

This research was conducted in the watershed tributary of the river El Espinal Pueblo Nuevo, Estelí department, in order to delineate areas susceptible to landslides and floods and analyze vulnerabilities. The methodology included a proposal to conduct qualitative agroecological management taking into account the biophysical aspects of land, mapping of threats to landslides and floods and the active participation of community for the proposed guidelines based on problematic situations encountered in the study. The watershed has a high susceptibility to sliding 16.82 km2, corresponding to 19% of the watershed area being Macuelizo community which is in critical condition, was flooded delimit 2.40 km2 in area, with 128 homes at a shorter distance to 50 meters, being the highest risk communities La Calera, Rosario and Paso Hondo. The overall vulnerability was high in the economic, technical, ecological, institutional and physical aspects, being the communities that had very high vulnerability based on the indicators studied: San Jose, La Calera and oven. The proposed agroecological management zoned three areas that are protective zone and ecological restoration, rehabilitation area and agricultural development area. All these results with input and consensus of local actors and concerted five strategic guidelines for the prevention and mitigation of natural disasters actions were defined.